{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:25:49Z","timestamp":1777854349438,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]],"date-time":"1999-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":928195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditionally, rational models of decision-making assume perfect information is available to the manager. In reality, the paradox of rationality is that full information relates only to the past; choices for the future must be of limited rationality as the future contains both risk and uncertainty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>An analysis of rationality and uncertainty in relation to decision-making, therefore leads to a consideration of Chaos Theory. Whilst recognising that the future is unknowable, nonetheless, Chaos Theory allows for the possibility of an awareness of a range of future states. In addition, it suggests that complete and accurate information, so necessary for rational decision-making, is unobtainable, and the past is not an accurate guide to the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Thus, the terms of reference for strategic management should be changed; conditions must be created whereby effective learning takes place, from which new strategies may or may not emerge. Managers should not problem-solve their way out of chaos, instead, generate bold solutions which integrate all the information. Information is thus activating a process by which strategy can emerge from across all levels of the organisation, to provide at least some structured futures thinking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/016555159902500301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,17]],"date-time":"2004-12-17T20:36:35Z","timestamp":1103315795000},"page":"173-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Chaos theory, economics and information: the implications for strategic decision-making"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Hayward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"The Empty Raincoat: Making Sense of the Future","author":"C. 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