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Mechanistic research has identified numerous precursor lesions in the sequence of key events necessary for neoplasia development. Based on these concepts, the author has proposed a short-term (thirteen-week) assay for screening for carcinogenic potential based on a mode of action analysis and on readily available, identifiable preneoplastic changes. A screening assay that detects all potential rodent hepatocarcinogens has been previously identified ( Toxicol Pathol32 [2004], 393\u2013401) including increased liver weight, hepatocellular necrosis, hypertrophy, and cytomegaly. Labeling index for DNA replication might supply additional support. These markers have high sensitivity but low specificity. However, most chemicals can be appropriately classified as to their mode(s) of action for hepatocarcinogenesis with follow-up mechanistic studies, and a rational evaluation of their relevance to humans can be made. A similar process can be envisioned for other tissues for evaluation for carcinogenic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623310363813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]],"date-time":"2010-03-09T22:24:43Z","timestamp":1268173483000},"page":"487-501","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Evaluation of Possible Carcinogenic Risk to Humans Based on Liver Tumors in Rodent Assays"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Samuel M.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0192623310363813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230490440934"},{"key":"bibr2-0192623310363813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.19.7772"},{"key":"bibr3-0192623310363813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1998.8496"},{"key":"bibr4-0192623310363813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/53.2.159"},{"key":"bibr5-0192623310363813","volume-title":"Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","author":"Bancroft J.","year":"1982","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr6-0192623310363813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.06.3560"},{"key":"bibr7-0192623310363813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440600977677"},{"key":"bibr8-0192623310363813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440701749421"},{"key":"bibr9-0192623310363813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-438150-6.50018-2"},{"key":"bibr10-0192623310363813","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22366"},{"key":"bibr11-0192623310363813","unstructured":"Chlorine Chemistry Council v. 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