{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:57:27Z","timestamp":1777913847902,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,2]],"date-time":"2012-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The efferent ducts represent an important site of toxicity in the male reproductive tract but are not routinely examined in toxicity studies. This article describes a primary efferent duct toxicity that resulted in secondary testicular changes in rats. Male rats were administered LTI-1, a leukotriene A\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    hydrolase inhibitor, at doses up to 250 mg\/kg\/d for 3 month or 150 mg\/kg\/d for 6 month. At the highest dose levels, testicular changes were predominantly unilateral and characterized by diffuse dilation or atrophy of the seminiferous tubules. These testicular changes correlated with granulomatous inflammation in the corresponding efferent ducts, suggesting that the mechanism for the testicular changes involves obstruction and impaired fluid reabsorption in the efferent ducts. Subsequent buildup in fluid volume and back-pressure upstream of the blockage cause dilation of the seminiferous tubules, which, in its late stages, progress to tubular atrophy. There are important differences in efferent duct anatomy between rats and larger mammals, including humans, such that the latter are less susceptible to testicular injury by this mechanism. Because of the limited relevance of this rat-specific finding to humans, it is important to distinguish testicular changes secondary to efferent duct toxicity from primary drug-induced testicular toxicity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623312441412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,3]],"date-time":"2012-05-03T01:05:04Z","timestamp":1336007104000},"page":"705-714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Efferent Duct Toxicity with Secondary Testicular Changes in Rats Following Administration of a Novel Leukotriene A\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    Hydrolase Inhibitor"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"David K.","family":"La","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen R&D, L.L.C., San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dianne M.","family":"Creasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntingdon Life Sciences Inc., East Millstone, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rex A.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntingdon Life Sciences Inc., East Millstone, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcia E.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntingdon Life Sciences Inc., East Millstone, New Jersey, USA"},{"name":"Histo-Scientific Research Laboratories, Mount Jackson, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen R&D, L.L.C., Raritan, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Vinken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra S.","family":"Snook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen R&D, L.L.C., San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0192623312441412","first-page":"1","volume":"53","author":"Clulow J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"bibr2-0192623312441412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0280317"},{"key":"bibr3-0192623312441412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/019262301301418865"},{"key":"bibr4-0192623312441412","first-page":"16. 4.1","author":"Creasy D. 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