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A porcine cholecyst-derived scaffold (CDS), intended as a muscle repair graft, prepared by a nondetergent\/enzymatic method was engrafted in a rat abdominal wall defect model. Host tissue\u2013scaffold interface samples were collected 2, 8, and 16 weeks postimplantation and evaluated by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. The nature of the tissue reaction was compared with those induced by a jejunum-derived scaffold (JDS) prepared by the same method and a commercial-grade small intestinal submucosa (CSIS) scaffold. A study of the immunopathological response in major lymphoid tissues and immunophenotyping for M1 and M2 macrophages was performed at the host tissue\u2013scaffold interface. Further, \u201cirritancy scores\u201d for CDS and JDS were determined using CSIS as the reference material. Both CDS and JDS appeared to be potential biomaterials for muscle grafts, but the former stimulated a skeletal muscle tissue remodeling response predominated by M2 macrophages. The data support the notion that biomaterials with similar biocompatibility, based on local tissue response on implantation, may cause differential immunogenicity. Additionally, CDS compared to JDS and CSIS was found to be less immunotoxic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623317752894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]],"date-time":"2018-01-16T02:00:03Z","timestamp":1516068003000},"page":"169-183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An Immunopathological Evaluation of the Porcine Cholecyst Matrix as a Muscle Repair Graft in a Male Rat Abdominal Wall Defect Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Dhanush Krishna","family":"Balakrishnan-nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narayanan Divakaran","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syam Kunnekkattu","family":"Venugopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijayan Narayana","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sisilamma","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mammen John","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saji","family":"Eassow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meat Products of India Ltd., Koothattukulam, Ernakulam District, Edayar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malcolm Ronald","family":"Alison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Cancer Institute, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Sainulabdeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thapasimuthu Vijayamma","family":"Anilkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0192623317752894","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-013-1054-2"},{"key":"bibr2-0192623317752894","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200106150-00024"},{"key":"bibr3-0192623317752894","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-011-0244-1"},{"key":"bibr4-0192623317752894","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33131"},{"key":"bibr5-0192623317752894","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2009.10.003"},{"key":"bibr6-0192623317752894","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf7587"},{"key":"bibr7-0192623317752894","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.09.018"},{"key":"bibr8-0192623317752894","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.07.016"},{"key":"bibr9-0192623317752894","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2007.0264"},{"key":"bibr10-0192623317752894","unstructured":"Bancroft J. 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