{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:07:14Z","timestamp":1790744834674,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"AbbVie"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nonclinical rodent studies with repeat slow intravenous dosing, such as safety assessments of anticancer therapeutics, often require the use of animals with surgically implanted catheters. Catheterization is a relatively short surgical procedure but requires use of anesthesia. Ketamine\/xylazine injectable anesthesia is typically used because it has advantages over inhalation anesthesia including ease of administration, safety and predictability of effects, and relatively low cost. However, ketamine\/xylazine anesthesia in rodents can also be associated with the development of undesirable corneal lesions of uncertain mechanism such as mineralization of Bowman\u2019s membrane or stroma, erosion\/ulceration, inflammation, fibroplasia, and neovascularization. Such findings have the potential to confound study interpretation in programs for which the cornea is a potential target tissue. This case report describes the occurrence of ketamine\/xylazine-related corneal lesions observed in surgically catheterized rats in a 16-day toxicity study for an oncology compound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623320960705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T05:07:50Z","timestamp":1602479270000},"page":"598-601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ketamine\/Xylazine Anesthesia\u2013Related Corneal Lesions in Rats With Surgically Implanted Venous Catheters Utilized in Nonclinical Intravenous Studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6517-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura S.","family":"Zwick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6638-7904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Patrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren C.","family":"Knupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4149-4740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meg F.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0192623320960705","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012417570-9\/50012-X"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr2-0192623320960705","first-page":"949","volume":"29","author":"Guillet R","year":"1988","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bibr3-0192623320960705","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132804"},{"key":"bibr4-0192623320960705","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(89)80045-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr5-0192623320960705","first-page":"175","volume":"55","author":"Turner PV","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr6-0192623320960705","first-page":"461","volume":"58","author":"Zhou TE","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bibr7-0192623320960705","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000055692"},{"key":"bibr8-0192623320960705","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.51.2.124"},{"key":"bibr9-0192623320960705","first-page":"9","volume":"27","author":"Ban Y","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr10-0192623320960705","first-page":"46","volume":"38","author":"Bellhorn RW","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr11-0192623320960705","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339202000306"},{"key":"bibr12-0192623320960705","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.26.275"},{"key":"bibr13-0192623320960705","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408448409023759"},{"key":"bibr14-0192623320960705","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2002.00251.x"}],"container-title":["Toxicologic Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0192623320960705","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0192623320960705","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0192623320960705","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:41:21Z","timestamp":1777653681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0192623320960705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0192623320960705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192623320960705","relation":{},"ISSN":["0192-6233","1533-1601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0192-6233","type":"print"},{"value":"1533-1601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]}}}