{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:01:58Z","timestamp":1777914118496,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013223","name":"PTC Therapeutics","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013223","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The most common target organ for toxicity in the endocrine system is the adrenal gland, and its function is dependent upon the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Histopathologic examination of the adrenal glands and pituitary gland is routinely performed in toxicity studies. However, the function of the adrenal gland is not routinely assessed in toxicity studies. Assessment of adrenal cortical function may be necessary to determine whether a histopathologic finding in the adrenal cortex results in a functional effect in the test species. As juvenile toxicity studies are more commonly performed in support of pediatric indications for pharmaceuticals, it is important to establish historical control data for adrenal gland function. In this study, adrenal cortical function was assessed in control neonatal and weanling beagle dogs as part of an ongoing juvenile toxicology program. Measurements of serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol prior to and following administration of exogenous ACTH, and aldosterone were conducted beginning at 2 weeks of age continuing through 26 weeks of age. Serum electrolyte concentrations were determined at 4, 13, and 26 weeks of age. Dogs as young as 2 weeks of age synthesize and secrete adrenal cortical hormones and exhibit a functional hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233211009492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T13:29:20Z","timestamp":1622640560000},"page":"1117-1125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Adrenal Cortical Function in Neonatal and Weanling Laboratory Beagle Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9733-0086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet M.","family":"Petruska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PTC Therapeutics, Inc, South Plainfield, NJ, USA"},{"name":"Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Adamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Senneville, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"McCartney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Senneville, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0533-681X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahamat","family":"Aboulmali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Senneville, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3737-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Rosol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-01926233211009492","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623312466452"},{"key":"bibr2-01926233211009492","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/019262301301418847"},{"key":"bibr3-01926233211009492","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415759-0.00058-3"},{"key":"bibr4-01926233211009492","volume-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","author":"National Research Council","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr5-01926233211009492","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Guidance for Industry and Other Stakeholders: Redbook 2000. Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients. Published July 2007. Accessed November 14, 2020. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/guidance-industry-and-other-stakeholders-redbook-2000"},{"key":"bibr6-01926233211009492","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Guidance for Industry: Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Pediatric Drug Products. U.S. Department of Health and Human Service. Published February 2006. Accessed April 29, 2010. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Drugs\/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation\/Guidances\/UCM079247.pdf"},{"key":"bibr7-01926233211009492","unstructured":"Committee for Human Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency. Guideline on the need for non-clinical testing in juvenile animals of pharmaceuticals for pediatric indications, London, UK. Published 2008. Accessed February 28, 2015. http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Scientific_guideline\/2009\/09\/WC500003305.pdf"},{"key":"bibr8-01926233211009492","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Guideline on the nonclinical safety study in juvenile animals for pediatric drugs. Published 2012. Accessed February 11, 2018. https:\/\/www.pref.kagawa.lg.jp\/documents\/7476\/161_241015.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-01926233211009492","unstructured":"International Council for Harmonization (ICH). Guideline for nonclinical safety testing in support of development of pediatric medicines S11. Published April 2020. 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