{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:05:12Z","timestamp":1787018712469,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Existing nervous system sampling and processing \u201cbest practices\u201d for nonclinical general toxicity studies (GTS) were designed to assess test articles with unknown, no known, or well-known neurotoxic potential. Similar practices are applicable to juvenile animal studies (JAS). In GTS and JAS, the recommended baseline sampling for all species includes brain (7 sections), spinal cord (cervical and lumbar divisions [cross and longitudinal sections for each]), and 1 nerve (sciatic or tibial [cross and longitudinal sections]) in hematoxylin and eosin\u2013stained sections. Extra sampling and processing (ie, an \u201cexpanded neurohistopathology evaluation\u201d [ENHP]) are used for agents with anticipated neuroactivity (toxic \u00b1 therapeutic) of incompletely characterized location and degree. Expanded sampling incorporates additional brain (usually 8-15 sections total), spinal cord (thoracic \u00b1 sacral divisions), ganglia (somatic \u00b1 autonomic, often 2-8 total), and\/or nerves (2-6 total) depending on the species and study objectives. Expanded processing typically adds special neurohistological procedures (usually 1-4 for selected samples) to characterize glial reactions, myelin integrity, and\/or neuroaxonal damage. In my view, GTS and JAS designs should sample neural tissues at necropsy as if ENHP will be needed eventually, and when warranted ENHP may incorporate expanded sampling and\/or expanded processing depending on the study objective(s).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233231225239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T08:01:39Z","timestamp":1706601699000},"page":"363-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Toxicologic Pathology Forum Opinion: Rational Approaches to Expanded Neurohistopathology Evaluation for Nonclinical General Toxicity Studies and Juvenile Animal Studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6065-1492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brad","family":"Bolon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GEMpath Inc., Longmont, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-01926233231225239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623310390231"},{"key":"bibr2-01926233231225239","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Haschek and Rousseaux\u2019s Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology","volume":"2","author":"Assaf BT","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr3-01926233231225239","unstructured":"Bangari DS, Lanigan LG, Cramer S, et al. 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