{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:15:51Z","timestamp":1791314151332,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The indirect assessment of adverse effects on fertility in cynomolgus monkeys requires that tissue sections of the testis be microscopically evaluated with awareness of the stage of spermatogenesis that a particular cross-section of a seminiferous tubule is in. This difficult and subjective task could very much benefit from automation. Using digital whole slide images (WSIs) from tissue sections of testis, we have developed a deep learning model that can annotate the stage of each tubule with high sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. The model was validated on six WSI using a six-stage spermatogenic classification system. Whole slide images contained an average number of 4938 seminiferous tubule cross-sections. On average, 78% of these tubules were staged with 29% in stage I-IV, 12% in stage V-VI, 4% in stage VII, 19% in stage VIII-IX, 18% in stage X-XI, and 17% in stage XII. The deep learning model supports pathologists in conducting a stage-aware evaluation of the testis. It also allows derivation of a stage-frequency map. The diagnostic value of this stage-frequency map is still unclear, as further data on its variability and relevance need to be generated for testes with spermatogenic disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233241234059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T07:40:50Z","timestamp":1710142850000},"page":"4-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Deep Learning\u2013Based Spermatogenic Staging in Tissue Sections of Cynomolgus Macaque Testes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9775-1649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Mecklenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Labcorp Early Development Services GmbH, Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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