{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:02:39Z","timestamp":1777914159766,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gliosis, including microgliosis and astrocytosis, can be challenging to interpret in nonclinical studies. Incidences of glial foci in brains and spinal cords of control rats and nonhuman primates (NHPs) were reviewed in the historical control databases from two contract research organizations, including one specializing in neuropathology. In the brain, minimal to mild (grades 1-2) microgliosis was the most common diagnosis, especially in NHPs, although occasional moderate or marked microgliosis (grades 3 and 4) was encountered in both species. Microgliosis was more common in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata in both species and was frequent in the white matter (brain), thalamus, and basal nuclei of NHPs. Gliosis (\u201cnot otherwise specified\u201d) of minimal severity was diagnosed in similar brain sub-sites for both species and was more common in NHPs compared with rats. Astrocytosis was most prominent in the cerebellum (molecular layer) of NHPs but was otherwise uncommon. In the spinal cord, microgliosis was most common in the lateral white matter tracts in rats and NHPs, and in the dorsal white matter tracts in NHPs. These data indicate that low-grade spontaneous glial responses occur with some frequency in control animals of two common nonclinical species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233241253255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T04:55:04Z","timestamp":1717390504000},"page":"114-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidental Gliosis in the Central Nervous System of Control Nonhuman Primates and Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8653-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joy M.","family":"Gary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"StageBio, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"StageBio, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6065-1492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brad","family":"Bolon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEMpath Inc., Longmont, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0831-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alys E.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd., Tranent, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8613-199X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark T.","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"StageBio, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-01926233241253255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233231164557"},{"key":"bibr2-01926233241253255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623312474865"},{"key":"bibr3-01926233241253255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13062"},{"key":"bibr4-01926233241253255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-98"},{"key":"bibr5-01926233241253255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1375-5"},{"key":"bibr6-01926233241253255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90229-W"},{"key":"bibr7-01926233241253255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029"},{"key":"bibr8-01926233241253255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-009-8077-9"},{"key":"bibr9-01926233241253255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00059"},{"key":"bibr10-01926233241253255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00401"},{"key":"bibr11-01926233241253255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.742065"},{"key":"bibr12-01926233241253255","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. 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