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This study investigated the neurotoxic effects of ketamine (20\u2009mg\/kg, 5 intraperitoneal injections administered 90\u2009minutes apart) in postnatal day 7 Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes, compared with age-matched controls. Brains were collected 2 and 16\u2009hours after the last injection and evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence using markers of apoptosis, DNA damage, and cell populations (Cleaved Caspase-3, \u03b3H2AX, NeuN, Iba-1, GFAP, and Olig2). Quantification of apoptotic and immunostained cells in the cortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum was performed using standardized digital image analysis. Ketamine induced a significant increase in apoptosis and DNA damage at 2\u2009hours, concomitant with an elevation in Olig2-positive cells, suggesting a potential compensatory response. Neuronal, astrocytic, and microglial cells were unaffected. Intrinsic apoptosis primarily involved neurons and oligodendrocytes, with microglia and astrocytes engaged in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. At 16\u2009hours, a return to baseline levels was observed. These findings offer a temporal and cellular characterization of ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in the developing rat brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233261485271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:10:36Z","timestamp":1790683836000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Ketamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in PND7 Rats as a Model of Pediatric Anesthesia"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9561-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Canesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy"},{"name":"Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory, UNIMI Foundation, Milano, 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