{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:32:40Z","timestamp":1790627560950,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,3,1]],"date-time":"1993-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":730944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The general characteristics of anemia and the distinguishing features of hemolytic, hemorrhagic, hypo-proliferative, maturation abnormality, and iron-deficiency anemias are described. Hemolytic anemias are differentiated initially from hemorrhagic anemias by excluding hemorrhage on clinical, necropsy, or histologic examination. Next, they are distinguished from the remaining types of anemia on the basis of higher reticulocyte counts or, in some instances, by the very rapid rate of decline of the PCV. Hemolytic anemias are distinguished from each other on the basis of incidence and the presence or absence of a dose-response (idiosyncratic vs toxic) and by the cause of hemolysis (oxidative, nonoxidative, or immune-mediated). Hemorrhagic anemias are subclassified on the basis of single- and multiple-site hemorrhage. The causes of multiple-site hemorrhage (hemostasis dysfunction) are established by first- and second-line tests, the type of bleeding, clinical data, and the information gained from an evaluation of the structure, activity, and metabolism of the compound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339302100207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T19:16:47Z","timestamp":1238613407000},"page":"158-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Assessment of Hemolytic and Hemorrhagic Anemias in Preclinical Safety Assessment Studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"John P.","family":"Mcgrath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Toxicology Research Laboratories, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, Indiana 46140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"Dacie JV and Lewis SM (1991). Blood-cell morphology in health and disease. In: Practical Haematology, 7th ed. JV Dacie and SM Lewis (eds). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 87-114."},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology","author":"Duncan JR","year":"1986","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Red Cell Manual","author":"Hillman RS","year":"1974","edition":"4"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1959.02070020229009"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Tvedten HW (1989). Erythrocyte disorders. In: Small Animal Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods, MD Willard, HW Tvedten, and GH Turnwald (eds). W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 36-56."},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1982.tb01957.x"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Practical Haematology","author":"Dacie JV","year":"1991","edition":"7"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Duncan JR and Prasse KW (1986). Hemostasis. In: Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Pathology. Iowa State University Press , Ames, pp. 73-86."},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Gordon-Smith EC (1982). The non-immune acquired haemolytic anaemias. In: Blood and Its Disorders, 2nd ed. RM Hardisty and DJ Weatherall (eds). Blackwell Scientific Publications , Oxford, pp. 515-544."},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588502200414"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Veterinary Hematology","author":"Schalm OW","year":"1975","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Slauson DO and Cooper BJ (1990). Disturbances of blood flow and circulation. In: Mechanisms of Disease: A Textbook of Comparative General Pathology , 2nd ed. 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