{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T11:12:53Z","timestamp":1781521973982,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,5,1]],"date-time":"1995-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":799286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of tracheal cartilage degeneration and inflammation of the seromucinous glands of the oropharynx may be a factor causing early mortalities in long-term studies with Fischer-344 (F-344) rats. The presence of these lesions was investigated in groups of male and female F-344 rats killed at 6, 19, and 32 wk of age. Half of the rats killed at 19 and 32 wk of age were sham treated with water (pH 10) by daily oral gavage for a duration of 13 or 26 wk prior to autopsy in order to detect any influence on the laryngotracheal cavity due to dosing technique. A clear age-associated increase in severity and incidence of chondroid degeneration of the tracheal and laryngeal cartilage was revealed, with an onset as early as 6 wk of age. After 19 wk, a high frequency of oropharyngeal granuloma formation was found. No relationship of the lesions to the gavage technique was apparent. The F-344 rat strain may possess a predisposition for inflammatory and degenerative changes in the oropharyngeal and laryngotracheal cavity, changes that can lead to increased and unexpected mortality rates in nonclinical safety studies (7).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339502300311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T19:16:47Z","timestamp":1238613407000},"page":"349-355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Oropharyngeal Granulomas and Tracheal Cartilage Degeneration in Fischer-344 Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Paul-Georg","family":"Germann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Toxicology, Byk Gulden, Friedrich-Ebert-Damm 101, D-22047 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Ockert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Toxicology, Byk Gulden, Friedrich-Ebert-Damm 101, D-22047 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Tuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology and Toxicology, Byk Gulden, Friedrich-Ebert-Damm 101, D-22047 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Nonproliferative Lesions of the Alimentary Canal in Rats","author":"Bertram TA","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03259855"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03260009"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Brown HR and Hardisty JF (1990). Oral cavity, esophagus, and stomach. In: Pathology of the Fischer Rat. Reference and Atlas, GA Boorman, SL Eustis , MR Elwell, CA Montgomery , and WF MacKenzie (eds). Academic Press, San Diego, New York, Boston, pp. 9-29."},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Brown HR and Leininger JR (1994). Changes in the oral cavity. In: Pathobiology of the Aging Rat, U Mohr , DL Dungworth, and CC Capen (eds). ILSI Press, Washington , DC, pp. 309-323."},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"103","volume":"7","author":"Feron VJ","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pathol. Eur"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb7","first-page":"338","volume":"44","author":"Germann P-G.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Greaves P. and Faccini JM (1984). Digestive system. In: Rat Histopathology. A Glossary for Use in Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies, P Greaves and JM Faccini (eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam , New York, Oxford, pp. 86-125."},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Nonproliferative Lesions of the Bone, Cartilage, Tooth and Synovium in Rats","author":"Long PH","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Neuenschwander SB and Elwell MR (1990). Salivary glands. In: Pathology of the Fischer Rat. Reference and Atlas, GA Boorman, SL Eustis, MR Elwell, CA Montgomery , and WF MacKenzie (eds). Academic Press, San Diego, New York, Boston, pp. 31-42."},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"63","volume":"33","author":"Ruben Z.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. 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