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Review of the historical foundations of the interpretation of the bioassay and assessment of competitive theories of dose-response relationships lead to the conclusion that multiple factors contributed to the marginalization of hormesis during the middle and subsequent decades of the 20th Century. These factors include the following: (a) the close association of hormesis with homeopathy, which led to the hostility of modern medicine toward homeopathy, thereby creating a guilt-by-association framework, and the carryover influence of that hostility toward hormesis in the judgements of medically based pharmacologists\/toxicologists; (b) the emphasis of high-dose effects linked with a lack of appreciation of the significance of the implications of low-dose stimulatory effects; (c) the lack of an evolution-based mechanism(s) to account for hormetic effects; and (d) lack of appropriate scientific advocates to counter aggressive and intellectually powerful critics of the hormetic perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339902700206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,8]],"date-time":"2008-02-08T19:38:42Z","timestamp":1202499522000},"page":"187-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Marginalization of Hormesis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda A.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Quantitative Laws in Biological Chemistry","author":"Arrhenius S.","year":"1915"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"357","volume":"39","author":"Berkson J.","year":"1944","journal-title":"J. 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