{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:43:59Z","timestamp":1777913039734,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/Y019741\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/Y019741\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sport and Social Issues"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recreational drug use among sports fans has received relatively little scholarly attention. Nonetheless, understanding this landscape is crucial to better understand fan behaviors and attitudes, as well as to support fan communities through effective harm reduction and educational initiatives. Addressing this gap, we surveyed fans in the US (football, baseball, basketball, ice hockey) and the UK (soccer, rugby, cricket) to assess the prevalence, correlates, contexts, and motivations behind drug use at major sporting events (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092,556). Fans reported more drug use than the general population, with significantly more use in the US (22.9%) than in the UK (6.5%), where there was more alcohol consumption. There were no significant differences for drug use at games between sports in the US, yet in the UK, soccer (8.9%) and rugby (8.3%) fans reported more use than cricket fans (2.2%). Drug types, motivations for use, and demographic correlates of use were broadly consistent across sports, whereas the role of collective identities was distinct according to national context. In the UK, team bonding was associated with both drug use and support of sanctions for drugs at games, aligning with a carnivalesque interpretation of fan behavior, where temporary suspension of broader social norms may coexist with internal group regulation. In the US, by contrast, team bonding was unrelated to drug-taking, with divergent effects on support for sanctions suggesting tensions between inclusive group norms and efforts to police in-group transgressions. Findings point to a need for tailored harm reduction and educational initiatives: we suggest that acknowledging drug use as part of fan culture could inform targeted interventions to reduce shame and better prioritize education, safety, and well-being within sports communities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/01937235251387699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T09:00:14Z","timestamp":1761037214000},"page":"115-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recreational Drug use at Sports Events in the US and UK"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7700-9562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Newson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Greenwich"},{"name":"University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7256-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linus","family":"Peitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Greenwich"},{"name":"University of Oxford"},{"name":"University of Kent"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mollie","family":"Ruler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.49.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","unstructured":"Ammon E. (2022 June 28). Cricket officials believe cocaine fueling crowd problems. The Times. https:\/\/www.thetimes.com\/article\/cricket-officials-believe-cocaine-fuelling-crowd-problems-g6d3h5xx2?msockid=0db856f1ba1a634c3fc343ccbb1c62da"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98286-7_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","volume-title":"Football hooligans: knowing the score","author":"Armstrong G.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Armstrong G. (1998). Football hooligans: knowing the score. Berg Publisher Ltd. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118663202.wberen153"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118663202.wberen153"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1748895811422949"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429355363-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2023.2219370"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","unstructured":"BBC. (2025 February 22). Police officer suspended in darts cocaine probe. BBC. Police Scotland officer suspended in darts cocaine probe - BBC News."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/221326"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12235"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","unstructured":"Buckland C. (2024 September 16). High cocaine levels in wastewater post-rugby. BBC. https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/cew118x4gzro"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2014.992465"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03945.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","volume-title":"More safety and security at sports grounds","author":"Chalmers J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chalmers J., Frosdick S. (2011). More safety and security at sports grounds. Paragon Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00914509241293394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14660970.2014.920626"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0010"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","first-page":"419","article-title":"Perceptions of the appropriateness of sport fan physical and verbal aggression: Potential influences of team identification and fan dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Donahue T.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Donahue T., Wann D. L. (2009). Perceptions of the appropriateness of sport fan physical and verbal aggression: Potential influences of team identification and fan dysfunction. North American Journal of Psychology, 11(3), 419\u2013428. https:\/\/link.gale.com\/apps\/doc\/A213084816\/AONE?u=anon~c7bf80fd&amp;sid=googleScholar&amp;xid=89763563","journal-title":"North American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279720"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","volume-title":"Misuse of drugs: regulation and enforcement","author":"Duddy C.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duddy C., Downs W. (2024). Misuse of drugs: regulation and enforcement (Report No. CBP 10154). House of Commons Library. UK Parliament. https:\/\/commonslibrary.parliament.uk\/research-briefings\/cbp-10154\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17430437.2023.2300419"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01694-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","unstructured":"Gallas D. (2012 February 16). Fifa tension as Brazil debates World Cup law. BBC. https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-latin-america-17038256"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954X.1991.tb00865.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/101269029503000205"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098011422395"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022642"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000464"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","unstructured":"GOV.UK. (n.d.). Drugs penalties. Retrieved August 5 2025 from https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/penalties-drug-possession-dealing"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10462939409366091"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143963"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2004.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690210380582"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2012.00481.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690207077706"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141712"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690217731293"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103263"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160427"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2024.2423829"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2022.2084140"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. (2024 December 12). Drug misuse in England and Wales: year ending March 2024. GOV.UK. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/articles\/drugmisuseinenglandandwales\/yearendingmarch2024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016663937"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199659180.003.0014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-100000234"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7228\/manchester\/9780719087219.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2010.540660"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00158.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2019.1674904"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","unstructured":"Prentice A. (2024 May 23). The NRL is rocked by cocaine bust as police with swniffer dogs make dramatic arrest at match after allegedly finding a bag of drugs. Daily Mail. https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/sport\/nrl\/article-13449743\/NRL-cocaine-bust-police-sniffer-dogs-Magic-Round-Suncorp-Stadium-Brisbane-Canterbury-Bulldogs.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07347324.2022.2105184"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01937235211067192"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","volume-title":"The passion and the fashion: Football fandom in the new Europe","author":"Redhead S.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Redhead S. (Ed.) (1993). The passion and the fashion: Football fandom in the new Europe. Ashgate."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","volume-title":"Post-fandom and the millennial blues: The transformation of soccer culture","author":"Redhead S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Redhead S. (1997). Post-fandom and the millennial blues: The transformation of soccer culture (1st ed.). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203429112","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690210388455"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","unstructured":"Rumsby B. (2024 April 15). Cocaine rife at Grand National meeting as racing\u2019s drugs problem deepens. The Telegraph. https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/racing\/2024\/04\/15\/cocaine-grand-national-crowd-aintree-peaky-blinders\/?msockid=381960698f0f6dd7251a767c8e4b6c5a"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Morality, dysfunction, and identification: An examination of collegiate football fans","volume":"45","author":"Sheehy T.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheehy T., Maurice S. (2022). Morality, dysfunction, and identification: An examination of collegiate football fans. Journal of Sport Behavior, 45(3), 75\u201390. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/morality-dysfunction-identification-examination\/docview\/2756705164\/se-2","journal-title":"Journal of Sport Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17430437.2023.2173068"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012955"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466601164876"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013668"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028589"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","first-page":"33","volume-title":"The social psychology of intergroup relations","author":"Tajfel H.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Tajfel H., Turner J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin W. G., Worchel S. (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33\u201347). Brooks\/Cole."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098011422393"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add3715"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420050102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","volume-title":"Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory","author":"Turner J. C.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Turner J. C., Hogg M. A., Oakes P. J., Reicher S. D., Wetherell M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Blackwell."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17430437.2012.690404"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","volume-title":"The forest of symbols: Aspects of Ndembu ritual","author":"Turner V.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Turner V. (1967). The forest of symbols: Aspects of Ndembu ritual. Cornell University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","unstructured":"Two Circles. (2024 December 12). 2024 Sports Attendance Review \u2013 UK Edition. https:\/\/twocircles.com\/gb\/articles\/2024-sports-attendance-review-uk-edition\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","unstructured":"Two Circles. (2025 Februrary 26). 2024 Sports Attendance Review \u2013 US Edition. https:\/\/twocircles.com\/gb\/articles\/2024-sports-attendance-review-us-edition\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_1","unstructured":"UK Home Office. (2024 September 26). Football-related arrests and banning orders: 2023 to 2024 season. GOV.UK. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/football-related-arrests-and-banning-orders-2023-to-2024-season"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_1","unstructured":"UNODC. (2023). World drug report 2023. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data-and-analysis\/world-drug-report-2023.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102597"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2006.11950074"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_82_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Examining the potential causal relationship between sport team identification and psychological well-being","volume":"29","author":"Wann D. L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wann D. L. (2006). Examining the potential causal relationship between sport team identification and psychological well-being. Journal of Sport Behavior, 29(1), 79\u201395. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/examining-potential-causal-relationship-between\/docview\/215874095\/se-2","journal-title":"Journal of Sport Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2001.29.6.531"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.1999.27.6.597"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12773"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X18000249"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/678698"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416284111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_1","volume-title":"Monitoring drug use in the digital age: Studies in web surveys","author":"Winstock A. R.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winstock A. R., Davies E. L., Ferris J. A., Maier L. J., Barratt M. J., Matias J., Soderholm A., Skarupova K., Noor A., Mounteney J. (2022). Using the global drug survey for harm reduction. In Matias J., Soderholm A., Skarupova K. , Noor A., Mounteney J. (Eds.), Monitoring drug use in the digital age: Studies in web surveys. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (pp. 1\u20139). https:\/\/www.drugsandalcohol.ie\/36709\/1\/insights-Using_Global_Drug_Survey_for_harm_reduction-ch11.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12723"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sport and Social Issues"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01937235251387699","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01937235251387699","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01937235251387699","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:11:11Z","timestamp":1777651871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01937235251387699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01937235251387699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01937235251387699","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-7235","1552-7638"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-7235","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-7638","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]}}}