{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:19:43Z","timestamp":1790327983842,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eval Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Homelessness is a public health problem, and persons experiencing homelessness are a vulnerable population. Estimates of the number of persons experiencing homelessness inform funding allocations and services planning and directly determine the ability of a community to intervene effectively in homelessness. The point-in-time (PIT) count presents a logistical problem in large urban areas, particularly those covering a vast geographical area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Working together, academia, local government, and community organizations improved the methodology for the count. Specific enhancements include use of incident command system (ICS), increased number of staging areas\/teams, specialized outreach and Special Weapons and Tactics teams, and day-after surveying to collect demographic information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This collaboration and enhanced methodology resulted in a more accurate estimate of the number of persons experiencing homelessness and allowed comparison of findings for 4 years. While initial results showed an increase due to improved counting, the number of persons experiencing homelessness counted for the subsequent years showed significant decrease during the same time period as a \u201chousing first\u201d campaign was implemented. The collaboration also built capacity in each sector: The health department used ICS as a training opportunity; the academics enhanced their community health efforts; the service sector was taught and implemented more rigorous quantitative methods; and the community was exposed to public health as a pragmatic and effective discipline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Implications:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improvements made to increase the reliability of the PIT count can be adapted for use in other jurisdictions, leading to improved counts and better evaluation of progress in ending homelessness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841x15610191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,14]],"date-time":"2015-10-14T06:31:58Z","timestamp":1444804318000},"page":"480-500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Enhanced Methodologies to Enumerate Persons Experiencing Homelessness in a Large Urban Area"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Catherine L.","family":"Troisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritalinda","family":"D\u2019Andrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Claris Technical Services, Huntsville, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Grier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coalition for the Homeless of Houston\/Harris County, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston Department of Health and Human Services, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"Coalition for the Homeless. (2013). Continuum of care. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.homelesshouston.org\/continuum-of-care\/planningcoordination\/cac\/"},{"key":"bibr2-0193841X15610191","first-page":"59","volume":"13","author":"Martin E.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Official Statistics"},{"key":"bibr3-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2013). Incident Command System (ICS) overview. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fema.gov\/incident-command-system"},{"key":"bibr4-0193841X15610191","volume-title":"Capture-recapture and removal methods for sampling closed population","author":"White G.","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr5-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"2015 Greater LA Homeless Count: Training for Count Volunteers. (2015). Retrieved from http:\/\/documents.lahsa.org\/Planning\/homelesscount\/2015\/HC2015CountVolunteerTrainingsFinal01212015.pdf"},{"key":"bibr6-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"Haven for Hope. (2013). Point in time count 2013. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.havenforhope.org\/new\/events\/pointintimecount2013.aspx"},{"key":"bibr7-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"HOPE 2015: The NYC Street Survey. (2014). Retrieved from https:\/\/a071-hope.nyc.gov\/HOPE\/FAQ.aspx#11"},{"key":"bibr8-0193841X15610191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X9201600403"},{"key":"bibr9-0193841X15610191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.083600"},{"key":"bibr10-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"Maricopa County AZ. (2014). Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG) Continuum of Care Regional Committee on Homelessness Maricopa County 2014 Point-In-Time Homeless Count. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.azmag.gov\/Documents\/CoCPS_2013-12-16_Maricopa-County-2014-PointInTime-Homeless-Count-Overview.pdf"},{"key":"bibr11-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Houston, Texas. (2013). Schedules and Maps. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ridemetro.org\/SchedulesMaps\/BusSched.aspx"},{"key":"bibr12-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Commerce. (2014a). State and county quick facts, Fort Bend County, Texas [Data file]. Retrieved from http:\/\/quickfacts.census.gov\/qfd\/states\/48\/48157.html"},{"key":"bibr13-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"US Department of Commerce. (2014b). State and county quick facts, Harris County, Texas [Data file]. Retrieved from http:\/\/quickfacts.census.gov\/qfd\/states\/48\/48201.html"},{"key":"bibr14-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2010). Using HMIS for PIT counts. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hudexchange.info\/resources\/documents\/UsingHMISforPITCounts_Presentation.pdf"},{"key":"bibr15-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2012). A guide to counting sheltered homeless people (3rd Revision.). Office of Community Planning and Development. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.onecpd.info\/resource\/974\/a-guide-to-counting-sheltered-homeless-people-revised-2012"},{"key":"bibr16-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2013a). Homelessness data exchange. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.hudhdx.info\/"},{"key":"bibr17-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2013b). Notice for Housing Inventory Count (HIC) and Point-in-Time (PIT) Data Collection for Continuum of Care (CoC) Program and the Emergency Solutions Grants (ESG) Program. Office of Community Planning and Development. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.onecpd.info\/resources\/documents\/Notice-CPD-13-011-2014-HIC-and-PIT-Data-Collection-Notice.pdf"},{"key":"bibr18-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2014). The 2014 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress: Part 1: Point-in-time estimates of homelessness. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hudexchange.info\/resources\/documents\/2014-AHAR-Part1.pdf"},{"key":"bibr19-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Labor. (2013). What is an incident command system? Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/SLTC\/etools\/ics\/what_is_ics.html"},{"key":"bibr20-0193841X15610191","unstructured":"U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness. (2013). The 2013 Point-in-time count and beyond. Retrieved from http:\/\/usich.gov\/member_agency\/department_of_housing_and_urban_development\/point_in_time_count"}],"container-title":["Evaluation Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0193841X15610191","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0193841X15610191","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0193841X15610191","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:46:11Z","timestamp":1777409171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0193841X15610191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0193841X15610191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193841x15610191","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-841X","1552-3926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-841X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}}}