{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T01:24:54Z","timestamp":1777598694586,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eval Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Violent drug markets are not as prominent as they once were in the United States, but they still exist and are associated with significant crime and lower quality of life. The drug market intervention (DMI) is an innovative strategy that uses focused deterrence, community engagement, and incapacitation to reduce crime and disorder associated with these markets. Although studies show that DMI can reduce crime and overt drug activity, one perspective is prominently missing from these evaluations: those who purchase drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study explores the use of respondent-driven sampling (RDS)\u2014a statistical sampling method\u2014to approximate a representative sample of drug users who purchased drugs in a targeted DMI market to gain insight into the effect of a DMI on market dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using RDS, we recruited individuals who reported hard drug use (crack or powder cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, or illicit use of prescriptions opioids) in the last month to participate in a survey. The main survey asked about drug use, drug purchasing, and drug market activity before and after DMI; a secondary survey asked about network characteristics and recruitment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our sample of 212 respondents met key RDS assumptions, suggesting that the characteristics of our weighted sample approximate the characteristics of the drug user network. The weighted estimates for market purchasers are generally valid for inferences about the aggregate population of customers, but a larger sample size is needed to make stronger inferences about the effects of a DMI on drug market activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841x16656313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]],"date-time":"2016-07-28T20:28:13Z","timestamp":1469737693000},"page":"87-121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Using Respondent-Driven Sampling to Recruit Illegal Drug Purchasers to Evaluate a Drug Market Intervention"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Allison J.","family":"Ober","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Sussell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Health Economics, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beau","family":"Kilmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas D.","family":"Heckathorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9052-7"},{"key":"bibr2-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.2.3.244"},{"key":"bibr3-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427898035003004"},{"key":"bibr4-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1144254"},{"key":"bibr5-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3096973"},{"key":"bibr6-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260603600108"},{"key":"bibr7-0193841X16656313","volume-title":"The Peoria pulling levers drug market intervention: A review of program process, changes in perceptions, and crime impact","author":"Corsaro N.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr8-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128709345955"},{"key":"bibr9-0193841X16656313","volume-title":"An evaluation of the Nashville Drug Market Initiative (DMI) pulling levels strategy: Drug market intervention","author":"Corsaro N.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr10-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.029"},{"key":"bibr11-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01764.x"},{"key":"bibr12-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.2005.00008.x"},{"key":"bibr13-0193841X16656313","unstructured":"Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2013). Crime in the United States 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2014, from http:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/about-us\/cjis\/ucr\/crime-in-the-u.s\/2012\/crime-in-the-u.s.2012\/tables\/1tabledatadecoverviewpdf\/table_1_crime_in_the_united_states_by_volume_and_rate_per_100000_inhabitants_1993-2012.xls"},{"key":"bibr14-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00632.x"},{"key":"bibr15-0193841X16656313","volume-title":"A collaborative approach to eliminating street drug markets through focused deterrence","author":"Frabutt J. M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr16-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9104-z"},{"key":"bibr17-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.2012.00506.x"},{"key":"bibr18-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2010.01223.x"},{"key":"bibr19-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000261107"},{"key":"bibr20-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e637122007-001"},{"key":"bibr21-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-7-15"},{"key":"bibr22-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3096941"},{"key":"bibr23-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2002.49.1.11"},{"key":"bibr24-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2007.00188.x"},{"key":"bibr25-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2011.01244.x"},{"key":"bibr26-0193841X16656313","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 2013 International Methodology Symposium, Statistics","author":"Heckathorn D. D.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr27-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014528612685"},{"key":"bibr28-0193841X16656313","volume-title":"The high point drug market initiative: A process and impact assessment","author":"Hipple Kroovand N.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr29-0193841X16656313","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Technical documentation report","author":"Hunt D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr30-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-009-9365-4"},{"key":"bibr31-0193841X16656313","first-page":"164","volume-title":"The crime drop in America","author":"Johnson B.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr32-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0394-8"},{"key":"bibr33-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.12.053"},{"key":"bibr34-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9390-4"},{"key":"bibr35-0193841X16656313","volume-title":"Deterrence and crime prevention: Reconsidering the prospect of sanction","author":"Kennedy D. M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr36-0193841X16656313","volume-title":"The high point drug intervention strategy","author":"Kennedy D. M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr37-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7249\/RR466"},{"key":"bibr38-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.018"},{"key":"bibr39-0193841X16656313","volume-title":"The small world","author":"Kochen M.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr40-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/089533004773563485"},{"key":"bibr41-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.16.080190.002251"},{"key":"bibr42-0193841X16656313","first-page":"397","volume":"12","author":"McGarrell E. F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice and Security"},{"key":"bibr43-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9102-1"},{"key":"bibr44-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1964.10480699"},{"key":"bibr45-0193841X16656313","volume-title":"What America\u2019s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 2000-2006","author":"Rhodes W.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr46-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7249\/RR534"},{"key":"bibr47-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000336118"},{"key":"bibr48-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9101-2"},{"key":"bibr49-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-005-9012-3"},{"key":"bibr70-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhodes S. D., McCoy T. P., Hergenrather K. C., Vissman A. T., Wolfson M., Alonzo J. \u2026 Eng E. (2012). Prevalence Estimates of Health Risk Behaviors of Immigrant Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men. The Journal of Rural Health, 28(1), 73\u201383. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2011.00373.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2011.00373.x"},{"key":"bibr51-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-006-9016-9"},{"key":"bibr52-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9106-x"},{"key":"bibr53-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0081-1750.2004.00152.x"},{"key":"bibr71-0193841X16656313","volume-title":"Policing: an International Journal of Police Strategies & Management","author":"Saunders J."},{"key":"bibr54-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000386731.94800.e6"},{"key":"bibr72-0193841X16656313","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No.(SMA) 11-4658. In: Administration SAaMHS, ed. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration."},{"key":"bibr55-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/268847"},{"key":"bibr56-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor B. G., Fitzgerald N., Hunt D., Reardon J. A., Brownstein H. H. (2001). ADAM preliminary 2000 findings on drug use and drug markets\u2014Adult male arrestees. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/txtfiles1\/nij\/189101.txt","DOI":"10.1037\/e507442006-001"},{"key":"bibr58-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-8-7"},{"key":"bibr59-0193841X16656313","first-page":"79","volume":"24","author":"Volz E.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Official Statistics"},{"key":"bibr60-0193841X16656313","volume-title":"Respondent-driven sampling analysis tool (RDSAT) version 5.6","author":"Volz E.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr61-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.011"},{"key":"bibr62-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.06.031"},{"key":"bibr63-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098611100003003006"},{"key":"bibr64-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2009.01216.x"},{"key":"bibr65-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124108318333"},{"key":"bibr66-0193841X16656313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0147-8"},{"key":"bibr73-0193841X16656313","unstructured":"Williams F. P., McShane M. D., Akers R. L. (2000). Worry about victimization: An alternative and reliable measure for fear of crime. Western Criminology Review 2. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.westerncriminology.org\/documents\/WCR\/v02n2\/williams\/williams.html"}],"container-title":["Evaluation Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0193841X16656313","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0193841X16656313","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0193841X16656313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:46:23Z","timestamp":1777409183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0193841X16656313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0193841X16656313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193841x16656313","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-841X","1552-3926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-841X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}}}