{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:16:20Z","timestamp":1788459380539,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eval Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>American states have used different approaches in adoption of cannabis policies and continue to modify those policies after approval. States also differ in how long it takes to implement such policies, and this influences the availability of legal marijuana. Such policy differences and implementation timelines could influence usage of marijuana and other illicit drugs by adolescents, young adults, and older adults. We develop an original coding scheme for marijuana legalization policies by classifying policy bundles characterized by three views of marijuana: as a pharmaceutical; as a permissive drug, or as a state fiscal revenue source. We test the impact of state legal marijuana policy characteristics on age group rates of marijuana use with panel regression models including control variables and fixed effects for 2000\u20132019. This design moves beyond a dichotomous construct of marijuana legalization and accounts for the dynamic adaptation of policies beyond their initial adoption. States with a higher pharmaceutical score experienced lower marijuana usage rates for adolescents and young adults while states with a permissive approach or fiscal approach experienced higher rates of marijuana use for all age groups. We find no consistent spillover effect of the pharmaceutical or permissive marijuana policy bundles on other illicit drug use for any age group, but fiscal bundles show some association with greater illicit drug use for adults. These more nuanced measures better reflect state policies as implemented and provide more clarity of the policy impact on target populations\u2019 marijuana usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841x221077795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T23:29:02Z","timestamp":1645658942000},"page":"165-199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Marijuana Policy Bundles in the American States Over Time and Their Impact on the Use of Marijuana and Other Drugs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2323-0848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant W.","family":"Neeley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Political Science, 2824University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2716-3101","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Lilliard E.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Policy, 311285Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr3-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.4005"},{"key":"bibr4-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.6.887"},{"key":"bibr5-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.06.003"},{"key":"bibr6-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153244000900900205"},{"key":"bibr7-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106591290405700104"},{"key":"bibr8-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.0266"},{"key":"bibr9-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1661"},{"key":"bibr10-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0072.2012.00471.x"},{"key":"bibr11-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.021"},{"key":"bibr12-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2016.1160932"},{"key":"bibr13-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.02.018"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr14-0193841X221077795","first-page":"1","volume":"69","author":"Coley R. L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"bibr15-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1c29t27"},{"key":"bibr16-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2018.02.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr17-0193841X221077795","first-page":"753","volume":"39","author":"Edwards J. H.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"bibr18-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/polp.12246"},{"key":"bibr19-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3992"},{"key":"bibr20-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2013.01.007"},{"key":"bibr21-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-019-00991-w"},{"key":"bibr22-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12764"},{"key":"bibr23-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psj.12211"},{"key":"bibr24-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.12.002"},{"key":"bibr25-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1569668"},{"key":"bibr26-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1748895811415345"},{"key":"bibr27-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.2716"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr28-0193841X221077795","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"Huber A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy"},{"key":"bibr29-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.028"},{"key":"bibr30-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13523"},{"key":"bibr31-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301117"},{"key":"bibr32-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.06.040"},{"key":"bibr33-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.004"},{"key":"bibr34-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.27002"},{"key":"bibr35-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2009.08.004"},{"key":"bibr1-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/668812"},{"key":"bibr2-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aler\/ahv002"},{"key":"bibr36-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-017-0848-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr37-0193841X221077795","first-page":"39","volume":"16","author":"O\u2019Keefe K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J of Health Care, Law and Policy"},{"key":"bibr38-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w9690"},{"key":"bibr39-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13282"},{"key":"bibr40-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-2199(05)16017-8"},{"key":"bibr41-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21804"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr42-0193841X221077795","first-page":"art11","volume":"10","author":"Pacula R. L.","year":"2010","journal-title":"The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy"},{"key":"bibr43-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.12.007"},{"key":"bibr44-0193841X221077795","volume-title":"Office of Applied Studies, Methodology Series M-8","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr45-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.1757"},{"key":"bibr46-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14136"},{"key":"bibr47-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903434116"},{"key":"bibr48-0193841X221077795","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Substance abuse and mental health services administration, center for behavioral health statistics and quality. National survey on drug use and health: Small area estimation dataset: State small area estimates, by survey year, outcome, state, and age group. (2020). http:\/\/www.datafiles.samhsa.gov\/study-series\/national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-nid13517 (Accessed 25 June 2020)."},{"key":"bibr49-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.12.010"},{"key":"bibr50-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2015.03.007"},{"key":"bibr51-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050214-013454"},{"key":"bibr52-0193841X221077795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0528"}],"container-title":["Evaluation Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0193841X221077795","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0193841X221077795","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0193841X221077795","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:46:46Z","timestamp":1777409206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0193841X221077795"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0193841X221077795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193841x221077795","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-841X","1552-3926"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-841X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-3926","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]}}}