{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T20:18:56Z","timestamp":1788293936667,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1I1A3A01062513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1I1A3A01062513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["West J Nurs Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher engagement in mobile app-based self-monitoring is associated with better outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previous studies were limited by short follow-up periods or focusing solely on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to identify mobile app-based self-monitoring engagement patterns among patients with T2DM and explore their long-term impact on self-care self-efficacy, health behaviors, and HbA1c.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Latent class growth analysis was used to examine data from 103 participants in the intervention group of a randomized controlled trial of a self-care program over 18\u2009months. The program included goal setting, education, self-monitoring, and feedback through automated algorithms, primarily delivered through a mobile app platform. Differences in general characteristics, self-care self-efficacy, health behaviors, and HbA1c at baseline and 18-month follow-up were analyzed based on latent classes. Longitudinal changes were explored using generalized estimating equations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three latent classes were identified: high (21.36%), medium (20.39%), and low-engagement groups (58.25%) within the intervention group. Significant differences in age, self-care self-efficacy, regular exercise, and grain and vegetable intake were observed between the groups. Longitudinal analysis showed significant differences in self-care self-efficacy, health behaviors, and HbA1c over the 18-month follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study informs tailored strategies to enhance mobile app-based self-monitoring engagement, which may improve outcomes for patients with T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/01939459251374937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T12:18:22Z","timestamp":1760617102000},"page":"1180-1192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Mobile App-Based Self-Monitoring Engagement on Self-Care Self-Efficacy, Health Behaviors, and Hemoglobin A1c Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0923-4340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaeun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0291-9945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haejung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4351-789X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9154-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahreum","family":"Khang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75002-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/cd23-as01"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-SINT"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1203945"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"2023 Broadcast Media Usage Behavior Survey","author":"Kim H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim H, Bae K. 2023 Broadcast Media Usage Behavior Survey. Korea Communications Commission; 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2019.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2024.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_92_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/46439"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17573"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/36675"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/50508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00735-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2019.0052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/23227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16665"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","volume-title":"Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. Freeman; 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1401206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2601_01"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4040\/jkan.22046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.70008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"Gallup Korea. Smartphone usage survey 2012-2024. 2024. Accessed April 19 2025. https:\/\/www.gallup.co.kr\/gallupdb\/reportContent.asp?seqNo=1497#B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2020.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/35039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Understanding and Changing Health Behaviour: From H\ufeffealth B\ufeffeliefs to S\ufeffelf-R\ufeffegulation","author":"Bandura A.","unstructured":"Bandura A. Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. In: Abraham C, Norman P, Conner M eds. Understanding and Changing Health Behaviour: From H\ufeffealth B\ufeffeliefs to S\ufeffelf-R\ufeffegulation. Psychology Press; 2010:299-339."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089826439100300101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/780701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2010.08.007"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","first-page":"283","article-title":"The relationship of diet, physical activities, self-efficacy, and self-care with cardiovascular risk factors among clients with type II diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Lee HJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Kim MS. The relationship of diet, physical activities, self-efficacy, and self-care with cardiovascular risk factors among clients with type II diabetes. Korean J Adult Nurs. 2007;19(2):283-294.","journal-title":"Korean J Adult Nurs"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.7.943"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","unstructured":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency;2022. Accessed September 1 2024. https:\/\/knhanes.kdca.go.kr\/knhanes\/sub04\/sub04_01_02.do?classType=2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture. MyPlate. United States Department of Agriculture; 2021. Accessed September 1 2024. https:\/\/www.myplate.gov"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Health Care Research","author":"Munro BH.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Munro BH. Statistical Methods for Health Care Research. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05834-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/40961"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10321"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000176"}],"container-title":["Western Journal of Nursing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01939459251374937","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01939459251374937","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01939459251374937","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:31:44Z","timestamp":1777653104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01939459251374937"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01939459251374937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01939459251374937","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-9459","1552-8456"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-9459","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8456","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]}}}