{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:56:28Z","timestamp":1777913788012,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indiana University Center for Enhancing Quality of Life in Chronic Illness"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["West J Nurs Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mask-wearing shows a reduced spread of SARS-COV-2, yet accurate recommendations were not effectively communicated early in the pandemic. Lower health literacy, depression, and anxiety symptoms may play a role in the uptake and utilization of mask-wearing. Additionally, health beliefs regarding perceptions of the severity of and susceptibility to COVID-19, and benefits and barriers to mask-wearing, may also contribute to mask-wearing behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate correlations between health beliefs as defined by the Health Belief Model (HBM), depression, anxiety, health literacy, and mask-wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a secondary analysis from the Behavioral Outcomes During Social Distancing cohort study. Data were collected at 2 timepoints between March and August 2020 in 346 adults in the United States and analyzed through bivariate Pearson and Spearman correlations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants perceived COVID-19 as somewhat severe, felt somewhat susceptible to infection, saw more benefits than barriers to mask-wearing, reported moderate depression and anxiety symptoms, and had high electronic health literacy. Adherence to mask-wearing was positively associated with perceived severity, susceptibility, and benefits of mask-wearing, and negatively associated with perceived barriers. Depression, anxiety, and health literacy were not significantly associated with mask-wearing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that health beliefs play a crucial role in mask-wearing behaviors. Further research is needed to explore how health beliefs influence other mitigation measures, such as immunizations, social distancing, and hand hygiene. Interventions targeting HBM concepts could potentially improve mask-wearing and other health actions, reducing the spread of viral illnesses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/01939459251397770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T04:13:36Z","timestamp":1769314416000},"page":"289-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation Between Health Beliefs and Mask-Wearing During the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2298-2602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Wierenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor University Louise Herrington School of Nursing, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbus Regional Hospital, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Courtney E.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University Health University Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ava M.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily K.","family":"Nordhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla J.","family":"Wilkerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan L.","family":"Wurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4294-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott Emory","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID data tracker. Accessed October 17 2021. https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker\/#datatracker-home"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7010e3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00818"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Chan AL Leung CC Lam TH Cheng KK. To wear or not to wear: WHO\u2019s confusing guidance on masks in the covid-19 pandemic. BMJ Opinion. March 11 2020. Accessed July 7 2020. https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/03\/11\/whos-confusing-guidance-masks-covid-19-epidemic\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014564118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30086-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142-012-0189-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053211072685"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.571179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55131\/jphd\/2024\/220217"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2020.1858331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3348967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818401100101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2010.521906"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2013.802623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1790279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2021.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12506"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre. iCARE study: international COVID-19 awareness and responses evaluation study. Accessed October 16 2021. https:\/\/icare.mbmc-cmcm.ca\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr193"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2010931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.02.01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8.4.e27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","unstructured":"Bryer J. RUCA data. Date unknown. Accessed April 6 2020. http:\/\/www.r-project.org; http:\/\/www.bryer.org; http:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/uwruca\/ruca-methodology.php"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"Rural Health Research Center. ZIP code RUCA approximation. Accessed April 6 2020. http:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/uwruca\/ruca-approx.php"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2332878"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"Non-parametric partial association revisited","volume":"40","author":"Schemper M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schemper M. Non-parametric partial association revisited. J R Stat Soc Ser D Stat. 1991;40(1):73-76.","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser D Stat"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1422689"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glt.2020.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.590936"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539519844082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19776-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238457"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(22)00187-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hir.12404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09513-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","unstructured":"Ax J Reid T. As Americans navigate conflicting COVID-19 mask advice \u201ceveryone is confused.\u201d July 23 2021. Accessed September 4 2021. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/us\/americans-navigate-conflicting-covid-19-mask-advice-everyone-is-confused-2021-07-23\/"}],"container-title":["Western Journal of Nursing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01939459251397770","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01939459251397770","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01939459251397770","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:31:59Z","timestamp":1777653119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01939459251397770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01939459251397770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01939459251397770","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-9459","1552-8456"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-9459","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8456","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]}}}