{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T10:57:04Z","timestamp":1781521024450,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["West J Nurs Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Workplace violence (WPV) against nurses by patients and visitors remains a significant threat to nurses\u2019 safety and well-being; however, evidence on the effectiveness of interventions remains fragmented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce WPV against nurses by patients and visitors in healthcare settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched for studies published between 2020 and 2025. Eligible studies employed quantitative or mixed-methods designs and examined interventions targeting WPV among nurses. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-three studies were included in the review. Interventions were categorized into 5 themes: (1) training and education, (2) reporting and documentation, (3) policy and environmental, (4) technology-based, and (5) multi-component. Outcomes consistently demonstrated reductions in WPV incidents, enhanced nurses\u2019 confidence, preparedness, de-escalation skills, resilience, job satisfaction, and improved reporting rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrative strategies, including skill-based training, supportive policies, strengthened environmental safety, improved reporting systems, and structured post-incident management, are effective in reducing WPV and enhancing nurses\u2019 capacity to manage violent incidents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/01939459261442054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:06:44Z","timestamp":1777352804000},"page":"795-802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce Workplace Violence Against Nurses by Patients and Visitors: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9825-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aekkachai","family":"Fatai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Agrarajakumari Faculty of Nursing, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3735-1738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chakrit","family":"Sattayarom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boromarajonani College of Nursing Suphanburi, Praboromarajchanok Institute, Suphanburi, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sittirat","family":"Butdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boromarajonani College of Nursing Nakhon Lampang, Praboromarajchanok Institute, Lampang, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2022.1604912"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.106074"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2024). Work-related injury and illness summary: year one of OSHA Forms 300 and 301 case detail data collection (2023). U.S. Department of Labor. Accessed October 1 2025. https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/OSHA_2023_Work-Related_Injury_and_Illness_Summary.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1418813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2025.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2025.101614"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608221074655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13809"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55729\/2000-9666.1189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4449445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838020985571"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12788"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.17639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"400","volume-title":"Electronic Reporting of Workplace Violence Incidents: Improving the Usability, and Optimizing Healthcare Workers\u2019 Cognitive Workload, and Performance","author":"Foster M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Foster M, Adapa K, Soloway A, Francki J, Stokes S, Mazur L. Electronic Reporting of Workplace Violence Incidents: Improving the Usability, and Optimizing Healthcare Workers\u2019 Cognitive Workload, and Performance. IOS Press; 2022:400-404."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Injury Prevention Research Center University of Iowa. (2001 February). Workplace violence: a report to the nation. Office of Justice Programs National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Accessed October 1 2025. https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/ncjrs\/virtual-library\/abstracts\/workplace-violence-report-nation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-180221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284758"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-022-00828-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10783903241308529"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.104976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10188-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2021.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.20849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/nna.0000000000001402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2025.101762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202000315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00220124-20240829-01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2021.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.70037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390319900243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2024.101598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mnl.2020.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23749\/mdl.v112i1.9984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2024.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13702"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/nnd.0000000000001104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/nna.0000000000001548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079916671534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v89i4-S.7113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21650799221076871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npls.2016.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2015.06.005"}],"container-title":["Western Journal of Nursing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01939459261442054","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/01939459261442054","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/01939459261442054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T10:39:34Z","timestamp":1781519974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/01939459261442054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/01939459261442054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01939459261442054","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-9459","1552-8456"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-9459","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8456","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]}}}