{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:45:22Z","timestamp":1770741922280,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,24]],"date-time":"2011-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the effects of peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor (PPAR)\u2013\u03b3 agonist on the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in a murine model of allergic rhinitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomized controlled trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Animal study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>BALB\/c mice that received ovalbumin sensitization and challenge served as the ovalbumin group (n = 6). Two separate groups of 6\u00a0mice received intragastric administration with PPAR\u2010\u03b3 agonist pioglitazone (30\u00a0mg\/kg\/d) or pioglitazone plus PPAR\u2010\u03b3 antagonist GW9662 (0.5\u00a0mg\/d) before each ovalbumin challenge. The control group (n = 6) was treated with drug vehicle alone. Various allergic responses were assessed. Real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction was performed to investigate the mRNA expression of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), T\u2010bet, and GATA\u20103. Flow cytometry was used to determine the percentage of Tregs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mice developed typical pathophysiological allergic rhinitis features after the ovalbumin challenge. The frequencies of sneezing and scratching were significantly decreased by pioglitazone treatment (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 0001). Eosinophils infiltration and the levels of interleukin\u20105 and interferon\u2010\u03b3 in nasal cavity lavage fluid and sera immunoglobulin E were also markedly decreased by pioglitazone (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 001). The expression of Foxp3\u00a0mRNA and the population of Tregs were significantly increased by pioglitazone (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 05). Cotreatment with GW9662 reversed the anti\u2010inflammatory effects of pioglitazone. The effects of PPAR\u2010\u03b3 agonist on Foxp3\u00a0mRNA expression and Tregs induction were abrogated by administration of GW9662.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PPAR\u2010\u03b3 agonist attenuates upper airway allergic inflammation in a PPAR\u2010\u03b3\u2010dependent fashion, and the beneficial effects of pioglitazone in airway allergic inflammation may be mediated by induction of Tregs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599810396133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,24]],"date-time":"2011-02-24T23:11:27Z","timestamp":1298589087000},"page":"506-513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Peroxisome Proliferator\u2010Activated Receptor\u2013\u03b3 Agonist Induces Regulatory T Cells in a Murine Model of Allergic 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