{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:38:31Z","timestamp":1791419911895,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,3]],"date-time":"2011-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To validate the VOXEL\u2010MAN TempoSurg simulator for temporal bone dissection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective international study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Otolaryngology departments of 2 academic health care institutions in the United Kingdom and United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty\u2010five subjects were recruited consisting of an experienced and referent group. Participants performed a standardized familiarization session and temporal bone dissection task. Realism, training effectiveness, and global impressions were evaluated across 21 domains using a 5\u2010point Likert\u2010type scale. A score of 4 was the minimum threshold for acceptability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The experienced group comprised 25 otolaryngology trainers who had performed 150\u00a0mastoid operations. The referent group comprised 60 trainees (mean otolaryngology experience of 2.9 years). Familiarization took longer in the experienced group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 01). User\u2010friendliness was positively rated (mean score 4.1). Seventy percent of participants rated anatomical appearance as acceptable. Trainers rated drill ergonomics worse than did trainees (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 01). Simulation temporal bone training scored highly (mean score 4.3). Surgical anatomy, drill navigation, and hand\u2010eye coordination accounted for this. Trainees were more likely to recommend temporal bone simulation to a colleague than were trainers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 01). Transferability of skills to the operating room was undecided (mean score 3.5).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Realism of the VOXEL\u2010MAN virtual reality temporal bone simulator is suboptimal in its current version. Nonetheless, it represents a useful adjunct to existing training methods and is particularly beneficial for novice surgeons before performing cadaveric temporal bone dissection. Improvements in realism, specifically drill ergonomics and visual\u2010spatial perception during deeper temporal bone dissection, are warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811427385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,3]],"date-time":"2011-11-03T23:08:54Z","timestamp":1320361734000},"page":"497-503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Face and Content Validation of a Virtual Reality Temporal Bone Simulator"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Asit","family":"Arora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery St Mary\u2019s Hospital Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Khemani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Northwick Park Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Tolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery St Mary\u2019s Hospital Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Northwick Park Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Budge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery St Mary\u2019s Hospital Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A. 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