{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T13:41:31Z","timestamp":1760967691030,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,27]],"date-time":"2012-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post\u2010tympanostomy tube otorrhea has been linked to microbial biofilms. The purpose of this study was to compare the tympanostomy tube\u2010biofilm\u2013forming propensity of common otopathogens <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Controlled, in vitro.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Academic research laboratory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fluoroplastic coupons (1656 total, 46 per treatment per incubation period) were exposed to plasma and cultured with 3 strains each of the bacterial species for 2, 4, or 7\u00a0days. Half of the coupons were treated with antibiotics to kill planktonic bacteria. Total and biofilm colony counts and electron microscopy were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic> formed biofilm after 2\u00a0days, not different from 4\u2010 or 7\u2010day biofilms (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt;. 05), and was most tolerant to antibiotic treatment. <jats:italic>P aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> also formed biofilms at 2\u00a0days, reached a plateau at 4\u00a0days (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt;. 05), and decreased at 7\u00a0days (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 01). <jats:italic>H influenzae<\/jats:italic> formed biofilm only after 4\u00a0days (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u2264. 04). <jats:italic>S pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> did not form biofilm without catalase supplementation. With catalase, 1 <jats:italic>S pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> strain showed a delay in biofilm formation similar to <jats:italic>H influenzae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 0001), while the other 2 strains formed biofilms after 2\u00a0days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tympanostomy tube biofilm formation occurs with common middle ear pathogens but most readily with <jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>. Further investigation is needed to determine if these findings may, in part, explain the occasionally refractory nature of post\u2010tympanostomy tube otorrhea associated with <jats:italic>S aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811435781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,28]],"date-time":"2012-02-28T00:09:50Z","timestamp":1330387790000},"page":"816-822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tympanostomy Tube In Vitro Biofilm Potential of Common Otopathogens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Ojano\u2010Dirain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida 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