{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T11:51:33Z","timestamp":1792324293604,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,8]],"date-time":"2013-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self\u2010efficacy (SE) is an optimistic self\u2010belief that one can perform a novel task. This concept involves empowerment, self\u2010esteem, and adaptation to a stressful situation. SE is a strong predictor of health behaviors. Our objectives were to study SE in spasmodic dysphonia (SD) and to develop a disease\u2010specific SE\u2010SD scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Academic hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subject and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Disease\u2010specific SE\u2010SD items were developed with laryngologists, speech pathologists, and SD patients. These items, General SE Scale, Voice Handicap Index\u201010 (VHI\u201010), Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE\u2010V), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), were administered to SD patients who presented for botulinum toxin injections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred forty\u2010five SD patients (mean age 59.5 \u00b1 13.6 years) had a general SE score (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 = 0.894) of 33.4 \u00b1 5.2 out of 40. This was negatively correlated with HADS\u2010A (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.42, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and HADS\u2010D (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.42, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 001), but not correlated with VHI\u201010 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.098, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 243) and CAPE\u2010V (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.047, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 57). Factor analysis selected 8 items from the general SE scale and 5 disease\u2010specific SE\u2010SD items to generate a 13\u2010item disease\u2010specific SE\u2010SD scale (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 = 0.907). Disease\u2010specific SE\u2010SD score was 42.1 \u00b1 6.9 out of 52 and was negatively correlated with VHI\u201010 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.19, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 005), HADS\u2010A (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.43, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 001), and HADS\u2010D (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.57, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 001), but not correlated with CAPE\u2010V (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.024, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 60).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>SD patients established on botulinum toxin injections have high degrees of general and disease\u2010specific SE. Patients with higher SE\u2010SD demonstrate lower vocal handicap and lower levels of anxiety and depression. A 13\u2010item disease\u2010specific SE\u2010SD scale has been developed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812472319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]],"date-time":"2013-01-09T08:53:53Z","timestamp":1357721633000},"page":"450-455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Disease\u2010Specific Self\u2010Efficacy in Spasmodic Dysphonia Patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head &amp; Neck Surgery Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Isetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech and Hearing Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen D.","family":"Hillel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Waugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head &amp; Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Comstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Statistics\u2013Department of Biostatistics University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya K.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-12.1.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms986oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.16.1.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02903916"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200203000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1790080110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmq086"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200109000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","volume-title":"Generalized Self\u2010Efficacy Scale. 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