{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T22:51:04Z","timestamp":1779231064908,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review on Category A bioweapons is intended to help otolaryngologists (1) understand the concepts of bioterrorism, (2) identify a bioterrorism attack, and (3) recognize specific otolaryngologic symptoms and signs of Category A bioweapons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed and Medline databases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Review of current literature regarding Category A agents of biological warfare and their relationships to otolaryngology was performed using PubMed, Medline, and articles written by experts in the field of bioterrorism. Each Category A agent was paired with the term <jats:italic>otolaryngology<\/jats:italic> and then paired with <jats:italic>epistaxis, sinusitis, airway obstruction, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, hearing loss, otitis media<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>lymphadenopathy<\/jats:italic> individually. For the latest accepted treatment and diagnostic strategies, <jats:italic>bioterrorism<\/jats:italic> was searched with filters for human studies, English language, and the past 5 years. Titles, abstracts, and papers were read for relevancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the use of bioweapons initially leads to nonspecific symptoms, a high index of suspicion and clustering of abnormal pathology will often lead the astute physician to the correct diagnosis of bioweapons. Some disease presentations of Category A agents (anthrax, smallpox, tularemia, botulism, plague, hemorrhagic fever) will involve the realm of otolaryngology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications for Practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>The head and neck manifestations of a Category A bioweapon attack will require knowledgeable otolaryngologists for prompt diagnosis, treatment, and notification of public authorities. This will help decrease the morbidity and mortality of any potential bioterrorism attack.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814531907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,23]],"date-time":"2014-04-23T03:18:57Z","timestamp":1398223137000},"page":"208-214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Age of Bioterrorism: Are You Prepared? 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