{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T09:04:33Z","timestamp":1781168673460,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 HD076370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 HD076370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009210","name":"Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 FD003787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 FD003787"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the potential of an integrated, image\u2010based computer\u2010aided design (CAD) and 3\u2010dimensional (3D) printing approach to engineer scaffolds for head and neck cartilaginous reconstruction for auricular and nasal reconstruction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Proof of concept revealing novel methods for bioscaffold production with in vitro and in vivo animal data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multidisciplinary effort encompassing 2 academic institutions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) computed tomography scans were segmented and utilized in image\u2010based CAD to create porous, anatomic structures. Bioresorbable polycaprolactone scaffolds with spherical and random porous architecture were produced using a laser\u2010based 3D printing process. Subcutaneous in vivo implantation of auricular and nasal scaffolds was performed in a porcine model. Auricular scaffolds were seeded with chondrogenic growth factors in a hyaluronic acid\/collagen hydrogel and cultured in vitro over 2\u00a0months\u2019 duration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Auricular and nasal constructs with several types of microporous architecture were rapidly manufactured with high fidelity to human patient anatomy. Subcutaneous in vivo implantation of auricular and nasal scaffolds resulted in an excellent appearance and complete soft tissue ingrowth. Histological analysis of in vitro scaffolds demonstrated native\u2010appearing cartilaginous growth that respected the boundaries of the scaffold.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Integrated, image\u2010based CAD and 3D printing processes generated patient\u2010specific nasal and auricular scaffolds that supported cartilage regeneration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814552065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,4]],"date-time":"2014-10-04T00:37:41Z","timestamp":1412383061000},"page":"57-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Computer Aided\u2013Designed, 3\u2010Dimensionally Printed Porous Tissue Bioscaffolds for Craniofacial Soft Tissue Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Zopf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna G.","family":"Mitsak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Surgery University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen L.","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Surgery University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genomic Biology Department of Animal Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana\u2010Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn 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