{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:46:26Z","timestamp":1761007586349,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 DC007667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 DC007667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test the hypothesis that eustachian tube opening efficiency, measured as the fractional gradient equilibrated (FGE), is lower in 6\u2010year\u2010old children with no middle ear disease but a well\u2010documented history of recurrent acute otitis media, as compared with children with a negative disease history (control).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tertiary care pediatric hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bilateral eustachian tube function was evaluated in 44 healthy 6\u2010year\u2010old children (19 boys, 29 white). None had middle ear disease at the time of testing, but 23 had a history of recurrent acute otitis media. Twenty\u2010one had no significant past otitis media. Eustachian tube function was measured with a pressure chamber protocol that established negative middle ear gauge pressures (referenced to the chamber pressure) and recorded that pressure before and after a swallow. FGE was calculated as the change in middle ear gauge pressure with swallowing divided by the preswallow pressure. Between\u2010group comparisons of the preswallow pressures and FGEs were made with a 2\u2010tailed Student\u2019s <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>FGE was independent of the preswallow middle ear gauge pressure. For the 39 and 44 evaluable ears in the control and recurrent acute otitis media groups, the mean preswallow pressures were \u2212194 daPa (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = \u2212211 to \u2212177) versus \u2212203 (95% CI = \u2212216 to \u2212190; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt;. 40), and FGEs were 0.32 (95% CI = 0.21\u20100.43) vs 0.16 (95% CI = 0.08\u20100.24; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 016), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In children with past recurrent acute otitis media, residual eustachian tube opening inefficiency is maintained after they have \u201coutgrown\u201d their middle ear disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815620149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T23:28:41Z","timestamp":1449012521000},"page":"502-507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Eustachian Tube Function in 6\u2010Year\u2010Old Children with and without a History of Middle Ear Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Ellen M.","family":"Mandel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaretha L.","family":"Casselbrant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beverly C.","family":"Richert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam S.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Douglas","family":"Swarts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 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