{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:22:20Z","timestamp":1792790540268,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,12]],"date-time":"2016-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pathogenesis of salivary calculi is not yet clear; however, 2 theories have been formulated: (1) \u201cthe classic theory,\u201d based on calcium microdeposits in serous and ductal acinous cells, successively discharged into the ducts; (2) \u201cthe retrograde theory,\u201d based on a retrograde migration of food, bacteria, and so on from the oral cavity to the salivary duct. The aim of the present study is to highlight the role of bacteria and biofilm in stone formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case series without comparison.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laboratory of the Department of Anatomical Pathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traditional optic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were carried out on 15 salivary gland calculi that were collected from 12 patients. A qPCR (quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction) assay was performed to highlight the presence of bacterial DNA on each stone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Optic microscopy showed formations that\u2014due to their size, shape, and Gram and Giemsa staining\u2014seemed to be Gram\u2010positive bacterial cells. PAS\u2010 (periodic acid\u2013Schiff) and alcian\u2010PAS\u2010positive staining matrix was present around them. The ultrastructural observation of the material processed for scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of structures resembling bacterial cells in the middle of the stones, surrounded by soft, amorphous material. Results of qPCR showed the presence of bacterial DNA in the internal part of the tissue sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presence of bacteria and\/or bacterial products resembling biofilm in salivary gland stones supports the \u201cretrograde theory.\u201d This evidence may support the hypothesis that biofilm could be the causative effect of lithiasic formations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815622425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]],"date-time":"2016-01-13T04:24:06Z","timestamp":1452659046000},"page":"449-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Bacterial Biofilm in Salivary Gland Stones"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Massimo","family":"Fusconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sensory Organs ENT Clinic Sapienza University of Rome Rome 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