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We use this review to determine whether the short\u2010term goals elaborated in the last report were achieved, and we propose updated goals to guide future otitis media research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed, Web of Science, Medline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The panel topic was subdivided, and each contributor performed a literature search within the given time frame. The keywords searched included <jats:italic>middle ear, eustachian tube<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>mastoid<\/jats:italic> for their intersection with <jats:italic>anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>pathology<\/jats:italic>. Preliminary reports from each panel member were consolidated and discussed when the panel met on June 11, 2015. At that meeting, the progress was evaluated and new short\u2010term goals proposed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Progress was made on 13 of the 20 short\u2010term goals proposed in 2011. Significant advances were made in the characterization of middle ear gas exchange pathways, modeling eustachian tube function, and preliminary testing of treatments for eustachian tube dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications for Practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the future, imaging technologies should be developed to noninvasively assess middle ear\/eustachian tube structure and physiology with respect to their role in otitis media pathogenesis. The new data derived from these structure\/function experiments should be integrated into computational models that can then be used to develop specific hypotheses concerning otitis media pathogenesis and persistence. Finally, rigorous studies on medical or surgical treatments for eustachian tube dysfunction should be undertaken.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816647959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,3]],"date-time":"2017-04-03T20:17:45Z","timestamp":1491250665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Panel 2: Anatomy (Eustachian Tube, Middle Ear, and Mastoid\u2014Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pathogenesis)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Cuneyt M.","family":"Alper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Luntz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Bnai Zion Medical Center; Technion\u2013The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Haifa Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haruo","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samir N.","family":"Ghadiali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Ohio University Columbus Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Division of Pulmonary, Allergy Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Ohio University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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