{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T04:45:09Z","timestamp":1767156309061,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]],"date-time":"2017-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the present understanding of birth trauma\u2013related vocal fold immobility and quantitatively compare it with idiopathic congenital vocal fold immobility to explore whether it is a discrete entity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed, Ovid, and Cochrane databases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>English\u2010language, observational, or experimental studies involving infants with idiopathic congenital or birth trauma\u2013related vocal fold immobility were included. Data from these studies were pooled with our institution\u2019s vocal fold immobility database, with the resultant idiopathic congenital and birth trauma cohorts compared regarding patterns and outcomes of immobility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The search returned 288 articles, with 24\u00a0meeting inclusion criteria. Of studies reviewing all\u2010cause immobility, 8 of 9 (88.9%) identified birth trauma as an etiology, although birth trauma definitions and proposed mechanisms of immobility varied. The study subjects, combined with our institution\u2019s database, yielded 188 idiopathic congenital and 113 birth trauma cases. Compared with idiopathic congenital cases, birth trauma cases had a higher proportion of unilateral immobility (72 of 113 [63.7%] vs 52 of 188 [27.7%], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 001) and rate of resolution (41 of 51 [80.4%] vs 91 of 159 [57.2%], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 003). Resolution occurred in 24 of 26 (91.3%) unilateral and 17 of 25 (68.0%) bilateral birth trauma cases and in 30 of 40 (75.0%) unilateral and 59 of 109 (54.1%) bilateral idiopathic congenital cases (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 11 and. 20, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the definition and mechanism of birth trauma\u2013related vocal fold immobility warrant further investigation, these findings suggest that it is distinct from idiopathic congenital vocal fold immobility, with a unique presentation and potentially more favorable outcomes. This can inform counseling and management for infants with otherwise unexplained immobility but known birth trauma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599817726773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]],"date-time":"2017-09-05T08:02:58Z","timestamp":1504598578000},"page":"948-954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Vocal Fold Immobility due to Birth Trauma: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Jad","family":"Jabbour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren M.","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bougie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Robey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Children\u2019s Hospital of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348946707600402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199811000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5876(95)01262-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.126.1.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2007.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2014.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(84)80063-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948609500616"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"Oxford Centre for Evidence\u2010Based Medicine.OCEBM levels of evidence.http:\/\/www.cebm.net\/index.aspx?o=5653. 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