{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:29:03Z","timestamp":1787614143360,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["116S078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["116S078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic otitis media can cause cholesteatomas or tympanosclerosis; however, the pathophysiology of such conditions is not completely known. The aim was to identify a bacterial genome that might be present in tympanosclerotic plaques and cholesteatomas using sequence analysis of the gene responsible for the transcription of 16 ribosomal RNA (rRNA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metagenomics analysis of the samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples were collected and evaluated at tertiary care centers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty\u2010five tympanosclerotic plaques and 37 cholesteatomas were evaluated. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using primers designed for the amplification of the gene responsible for the transcription of bacterial 16\u00a0rRNA. The PCR\u2010positive samples were sequenced via Sanger method, and 46 selected samples were analyzed with next\u2010generation sequencing (NGS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sanger sequencing revealed the presence of bacterial genomes in a total of 18 of the 102 samples tested. Sequencing of these genomes indicated the presence of <jats:italic>Alloiococcus otitis, Staphylococcus aureus, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus caprae, Parvimonas<\/jats:italic> spp., and <jats:italic>Bacillu<\/jats:italic>s sp. in the tested samples. The NGS showed 1 or more different bacterial genomes in 44 (95.7%) of the 46 samples tested. Predominately, genome of <jats:italic>Clostridiales<\/jats:italic> (27 samples), <jats:italic>Staphylococcaceae<\/jats:italic> (24 samples), <jats:italic>Peptoniphilaceae<\/jats:italic> (12 samples), and <jats:italic>Turicella otitidis<\/jats:italic> (9 samples) were identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The middle ear is inhabited by a diverse microbial community than that previously known. With the use of molecular biology, it has become easier to identify the bacterial genomes and improve our understanding of the role of middle ear microbiota in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory ear diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599818772039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T16:07:09Z","timestamp":1524586029000},"page":"724-732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Metagenomics Analysis of Bacterial Population of Tympanosclerotic Plaques and Cholesteatomas"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"M. Tayyar","family":"Kalcioglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilek","family":"Guldemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Agency Department of Microbiology Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozlem","family":"Unaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Agency Department of Microbiology Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oguz Kadir","family":"Egilmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bekir","family":"Celebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Agency Department of Microbiology Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riza","family":"Durmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Agency Department of Microbiology Ankara Turkey"},{"name":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University Faculty of Medicine Department of Clinical Microbiology Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100123539"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"285","volume-title":"Otoloji ve N\u00f6ro\u2010otoloji","author":"\u00d6zgirgin ON. Kolesteatom","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00460205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"1784","article-title":"Establishment of tympanosclerosis by intratympanic injection of Staphylococcus aureus in guinea pigs","volume":"27","author":"Li Y","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215111002301"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-015-3645-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"491","volume-title":"Molecular Microbiology: Diagnostic Principles and Practice","author":"Maiwald M"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"Thermo Fisher Scientific.Ion16S Metagenomics Kit User Guide.https:\/\/tools.thermofisher.com\/content\/sfs\/manuals\/MAN0010799_Ion_16S_Metagenomics_UG.pdf. Accessed November 22 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-14-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq873"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-42-1-79"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.8.2177-2180.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.11.2854-2858.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.5.1185-1188.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09295-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2011.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26128"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00006-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26579"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001493"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01068-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Bacterial etiology of otitis media with effusion; focusing on the high positivity of Alloiococcus otitidis","volume":"25","author":"Kalcioglu MT","year":"2002","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Tuberculous otitis media as a secondary infection to chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma","volume":"8","author":"Yaniv E","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199611000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.66.1.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198102000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"924","article-title":"Microbiology of chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma","volume":"21","author":"Attallah MS","year":"2000","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.128.10.1129"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Notes on the microbiology of cholesteatoma: clinical findings and treatment","volume":"29","author":"Ricciardiello F","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2011.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200305000-00001"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0194599818772039","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0194599818772039","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0194599818772039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T14:28:11Z","timestamp":1760970491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0194599818772039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0194599818772039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0194599818772039","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-5998","1097-6817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-5998","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-6817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-12-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-03-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}