{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T10:56:11Z","timestamp":1784631371732,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The surgeon's knowledge of a patient's individual anatomy is critical in skull base surgery. Trainees and experienced surgeons can benefit from surgical simulation; however, current models are expensive and impractical for widespread use. In this study, we report a next\u2010generation mixed\u2010reality surgical simulator. We segmented critical anatomic structures for 3\u2010dimensional (3D) models to develop a modular teaching tool. We then developed a navigation tracking system utilizing a 3D\u2010printed endoscope as a trackable virtual\u2010reality (VR) controller and validated the accuracy on VR and 3D\u2010printed skull models within 1\u00a0cm. We combined VR and augmented\u2010reality visual cues with our 3D physical model to simulate sinus endoscopy and highlight segmented structures in real time. This report provides evidence that a mixed\u2010reality simulator combining VR and 3D\u2010printed models is feasible and may prove useful as an educational tool that is low cost and customizable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599818797586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T04:15:15Z","timestamp":1536639315000},"page":"933-937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Virtual Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Simulation with 3D\u2010Printed Models for Mixed\u2010Reality Nasal Endoscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Samuel R.","family":"Barber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery College of Medicine University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young\u2010Jun","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery College of Medicine University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/105065897781446720"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949510410s01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2015.29.4166"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23522"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2017.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2011.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215109991885"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.131.3.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2012.26.3798"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2009.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.133.4.350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.20093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2017.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816678372"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2017.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000373"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2017.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2016.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-014-0040-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2014.28.4046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Validation of the Madigan ESS simulator","volume":"50","author":"Weghorst S","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669517708206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2017.0114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12352"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2707690"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.22499"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21702"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0194599818797586","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0194599818797586","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0194599818797586","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:18:51Z","timestamp":1760951931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0194599818797586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0194599818797586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0194599818797586","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-5998","1097-6817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-5998","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-6817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-04-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-08-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}