{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:49:39Z","timestamp":1789390179751,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury causes vocal fold paralysis from which functional recovery is typically absent due to nonselective reinnervation. This study investigates expression of axon guidance cues and their modulators relative to the chronology of reinnervation by examining the expression of glial\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), netrin 1, and laminin 111 (LAMA1) in nonpooled laryngeal muscles. This study is the first to describe the post\u2010RLN injury expression pattern of LAMA1, a target of particular interest as it has been shown to switch netrin 1\u2013mediated growth cone attraction to repulsion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Animal experiment (rat model).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Basic science laboratory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The right RLNs of 64 female Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were transected, with sacrifice at 1, 3, 7, 21, 28, and 56\u00a0days postinjury (DPI). Single\u2010animal messenger RNA was isolated from the ipsilateral posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), lateral thyroarytenoid (LTA), and medial thyroarytenoid (MTA) for quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT\u2010PCR) analysis. Immunostaining for LAMA1 expression was performed in the same muscles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>LAMA1 was elevated in the PCA at 3 to 56 DPI, LTA at 7 DPI, and MTA at 14 and 28 DPI. This correlates with the chronology of laryngeal reinnervation. Using a new protocol, single\u2010animal muscle qRT\u2010PCR possible and expression results for GDNF and netrin 1 were similar to previous pooled investigations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reliable qRT\u2010PCR is possible with single rat laryngeal muscles. The expression of netrin 1 and LAMA1 is chronologically coordinated with muscle innervation in the LTA and MTA. This suggests that LAMA1\u00a0may influence netrin 1 to repel axons and delay LTA and MTA reinnervation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599819831289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T05:27:58Z","timestamp":1550554078000},"page":"111-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Reinnervation in Rats Posttransection: Neurotrophic Factor Expression over Time"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Montalbano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010Morato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Medical Center\/New York Presbyterian New York New York 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