{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:15:34Z","timestamp":1791342934858,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the impact of 2\u2010dimensional (2D) illustrations and 3\u2010dimensonal (3D)\u2013printed anatomic models of the frontal sinuses according to the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification in the education of otolaryngology and radiology residents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A crossover study design with half of the study participants randomized to the 2D illustration intervention first and the other half randomized to the 3D\u2010printed model first.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regularly scheduled resident didactic lectures at a tertiary care center.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010one otolaryngology and radiology residents were assessed with pre\u2010 and postintervention questionnaires that included subjective and objective methods of assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, there was a statistically significant improvement in total number of answers correct and in confidence score between the pre\u2010 and postintervention assessments (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 0001). The primary outcome of order of intervention (ie, 2D \u2192 3D vs 3D \u2192 2D) did not result in statistically significant differences in postevaluation scores. In regard to the secondary outcome of learner preference for educational modality, radiology residents favored the 2D illustrations to understand anatomic relationships, while otolaryngology residents preferred the 3D model to be more helpful in surgical planning (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 0075).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is no difference between 2D\u2010illustrated and 3D\u2010printed International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification anatomic models in overall educational outcome, despite the preference of learners. Together, these models can be used as helpful tools in frontal sinus education for otolaryngology and radiology trainees.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599819860832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T04:12:25Z","timestamp":1562645545000},"page":"705-713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Use of 3D\u2010Printed and 2D\u2010Illustrated International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification Anatomic Models for Resident Education"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Low","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology Department of Radiology 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