{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T05:08:43Z","timestamp":1791954523637,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the effect of 3\u2010dimensional (3D)\u2013printed surgical simulators used in an advanced pediatric otolaryngology fellowship preparatory course on trainee education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Quasi\u2010experimental pre\/postsurvey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multicenter collaborative course conducted at a contract research organization prior to a national conference.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 5\u2010station, 7\u2010simulator prep course was piloted for 9 pediatric otolaryngology fellows and 17 otolaryngology senior residents, with simulators for airway graft carving, microtia ear framework carving, and cleft lip\/palate repair. Prior to the course, trainees were provided educational materials electronically along with presurveys rating confidence, expertise, and attitude around surgical simulators. In October 2018, surgeons engaged in simulation stations with direction from 2 attending faculty per station, then completed postsurveys for each simulator.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Statistically significant increases (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 05) in self\u2010reported confidence (average, 53%; range, 18%\u201080%) and expertise (average, 68%; range, 9%\u201095%) were seen across all simulators, corresponding to medium to large effect sizes as measured by Cohen\u2019s <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> statistic (0.41\u20101.71). Positive attitudes around 3D printing in surgical education also demonstrated statistically significant increases (average, 10%; range, 8%\u201013%). Trainees commented positively on gaining such broad exposure, although consistently indicated a preference for more practice time during the course.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrate the benefit of high\u2010fidelity, 3D\u2010printed simulators in exposing trainees to advanced procedures, allowing them hands\u2010on practice in a zero\u2010risk environment. In the future, we hope to refine this course design, develop standardized tools to assess their educational value, and explore opportunities for integration into use in milestone assessment and accreditation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820913003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T10:36:47Z","timestamp":1586860607000},"page":"658-665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Multicenter Advanced Pediatric Otolaryngology Fellowship Prep Surgical Simulation Course with 3D Printed High\u2010Fidelity Models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Ellsperman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Wehrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Landry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Emory Medicine Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel","family":"Jabbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Department of Otolaryngology Eye and Ear Institute Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Goudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Emory Medicine Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Zopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/e844"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2015.1049367"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"1040","article-title":"Development and validation of a multi\u2010color model using 3\u2010dimensional printing technology for endoscopic endonasal surgical training","volume":"11","author":"Ding CY","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1730"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","article-title":"Is this mine to keep? 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