{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:29:38Z","timestamp":1790360978357,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aarau Cantonal Hospital","award":["Research Council KSA 1410.000.128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Council KSA 1410.000.128"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction (OD)\u2014hyposmia or anosmia\u2014is a symptom of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019), caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102). We sought to better determine prevalence, severity, and timing of OD in COVID\u201019 relative to other sinonasal and pulmonary symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective, cross\u2010sectional.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regional\/cantonal hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 103 patients diagnosed with COVID\u201019 with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR)\u2013based testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All patients testing positive for COVID\u201019 at Kantonsspital Aarau over a 6\u2010week period were approached. Timing and severity (at its worst, on scale of 0 [none], 1 [mild], 2 [moderate], and 3 [severe]) of OD, loss of taste, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea\/mucus production, fever, cough and shortness of breath (SOB) were assessed for each patient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prevalence of OD was 61.2%, and severity of OD was strongly correlated with severity of loss of taste experienced (\u03c1 = 0.87, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 001). OD was experienced on the first day of COVID\u201019 by 8.7% and overall occurred at median infection day 3 (mean, 3.4; range, 0\u201012). Most experiencing OD reported anosmia, and mean severity of all with OD was moderate to severe (mean [SD], 2.7 [0.6]). Nasal obstruction (49.5%) and rhinorrhea (35.0%) were frequently reported but not correlated with OD. SOB was more severe in patients with OD. OD was associated negatively with older age (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93\u20100.99; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 007) and positively with female sex (OR, 2.46; 95% CI, 0.98\u20106.19; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 056).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>OD is highly prevalent during COVID\u201019, occurring early and severely, often in conjunction with loss of taste. OD is associated negatively with older age and positively with female sex. Patients with OD may also experience more severe SOB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820929185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T04:01:43Z","timestamp":1589860903000},"page":"114-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":185,"title":["Olfactory Dysfunction and Sinonasal Symptomatology in COVID\u201019: Prevalence, Severity, Timing, and Associated Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Marlene M.","family":"Speth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Hals\u2010, Nasen\u2010, Ohren\u2010 Krankheiten, Hals\u2010und Gesichtschirurgie, Kantonsspital Aarau Aarau Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thirza","family":"Singer\u2010Cornelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Hals\u2010, Nasen\u2010, Ohren\u2010 Krankheiten, Hals\u2010und Gesichtschirurgie, Kantonsspital Aarau Aarau Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Oberle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Laboratory Medicine Kantonsspital Aarau Aarau Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Gengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffi J.","family":"Brockmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Hals\u2010, Nasen\u2010, Ohren\u2010 Krankheiten, Hals\u2010und Gesichtschirurgie, Kantonsspital Aarau Aarau Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad R.","family":"Sedaghat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30200-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GenglerI WangJC SpethMM SedaghatAR.Sinonasal pathophysiology of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and COVID\u201019: a systematic review of the current evidence[published onlineApril 10 2020].Laryngoscope Invest Otolaryngol.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lio2.384","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.384"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","article-title":"Eleven faces of coronavirus disease","author":"Dong X","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28692"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820922992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02840.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"Sample size estimation in epidemiologic studies","volume":"2","author":"Hajian\u2010Tilaki K","year":"2011","journal-title":"Caspian J Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.02.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5788"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1251"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30123-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w20224","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2020.20224","article-title":"Potential impact of seasonal forcing on a SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 pandemic","volume":"150","author":"Neher RA","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"Salmon CeronD HautefortC BequignonE CorreA Canoui\u2010PoitrineF PaponJF.Anosmia without nasal obstruction: a pathognomonic sign of COVID\u201019\u00a0infection. 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