{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T10:52:56Z","timestamp":1761648776088,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>On December 14, 1799, 3 prominent physicians\u2014Craik, Brown, and Dick\u2014gathered to examine America\u2019s first president, George Washington. He was complaining of severe throat symptoms and was being treated with bloodletting, blistering, and enemas. Dick advised performing an immediate tracheotomy to secure the airway. Both Craik and Brown were not keen on trying tracheotomy and overruled that proposal. Washington was not involved in making that decision. He most likely had acute epiglottitis that proved to be fatal at the end. If Dick had prevailed, a tracheotomy could have saved Washington\u2019s life. Human factors analysis of these events shows that his physicians were totally fixated on repeating futile treatments and could not comprehend the need for a radical alternative, like tracheotomy. That was aggravated by an impaired situational awareness and significant resistance to change. Leadership model was also based on hierarchy instead of competency, which might have also contributed to Washington\u2019s death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820932127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T04:02:34Z","timestamp":1591675354000},"page":"1000-1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Lesson on Human Factors in Airway Management Learnt From the Death of George Washington"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Ahmad K.","family":"Abou\u2010Foul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1976.00780140051001"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"The death of George Washington (1732\u201099) and the history of cynanche","volume":"13","author":"Cohen B","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Biogr"},{"first-page":"175","volume-title":"Letters on Agriculture From His Excellency George Washington, President of the United States, to Arthur Young, Esq. 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