{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T19:56:31Z","timestamp":1769630191884,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the relative correlations of Twitter and Google Search user trends concerning smell loss with daily coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) incidence in the United States, compared to other severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) symptoms. To describe the effect of mass media communications on Twitter and Google Search user trends.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective observational study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Google Search and \u201ctweet\u201d frequency concerning COVID\u201019, smell, and nonsmell symptoms of COVID\u201019 generated between January 1 and April 8, 2020, were collected using Google Trends and Crimson Hexagon, respectively. Spearman coefficients linking each of these user trends to COVID\u201019\u00a0incidence were compared. Correlations obtained after excluding a short timeframe (March 22 to March 24) corresponding to the publication of a widely read lay media publication reporting anosmia as a symptom of infection was performed for comparative analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Google searches and tweets concerning all nonsmell symptoms (0.744 and 0.761, respectively) and COVID\u201019 (0.899 and 0.848) are more strongly correlated with disease incidence than smell loss (0.564 and 0.539). Twitter users tweeting about smell loss during the study period were more likely to be female (52%) than users tweeting about COVID\u201019\u00a0more generally (47%). Tweet and Google Search frequency pertaining to smell loss increased significantly (&gt;2.5 standard deviations) following a widely read media publication linking smell loss and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u00a0infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Google Search and tweet frequency regarding fever and shortness of breath are more robust indicators of COVID\u201019\u00a0incidence than anosmia. Mass media communications represent important confounders that should be considered in future analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820932128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T11:40:09Z","timestamp":1591098009000},"page":"491-497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Predicting COVID\u201019 Incidence Using Anosmia and Other COVID\u201019 Symptomatology: Preliminary Analysis Using Google and Twitter"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Bharat A.","family":"Panuganti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Division of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of California\u2013San Diego La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aria","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of California\u2013San Diego La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam S.","family":"DeConde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Division of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of California\u2013San Diego La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","article-title":"Lost sense of smell may be peculiar clue to coronavirus infection","author":"Rabin RC","year":"2020","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"American Academy of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery. Tracheotomy recommendations during the COVID\u201019 pandemic. PublishedMarch 27 2020. Accessed April 5 2020.https:\/\/www.entnet.org\/content\/tracheotomy\u2010recommendations\u2010during\u2010covid\u201019\u2010pandemic"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07634"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Crimson Hexagon. Demographics section: age methodology calculation. Accessed April 20 2020.http:\/\/help.crimsonhexagon.com\/hc\/en\u2010us\/articles\/202748259."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Covid\u201019 data.New York Times. Accessed April 10 2020.https:\/\/github.com\/nytimes\/covid\u201019\u2010data"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. COVID\u201019\u00a0map. Accessed April 14 2020.https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","article-title":"Google searches can help us find emerging Covid\u201019 outbreaks","author":"Stephens\u2010Davidowitz S","year":"2020","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22579"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","article-title":"Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID\u201019 patients: otolaryngological manifestations in COVID\u201019","author":"Vaira LA","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22592"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"A Model for Mining Public Health Topics From Twitter","author":"Paul MJ","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology of anosmia in South Korea: a nationwide population\u2010based study","volume":"10","author":"Kang JW","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0194599820932128","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0194599820932128","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0194599820932128","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:09:34Z","timestamp":1760954974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0194599820932128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0194599820932128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0194599820932128","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-5998","1097-6817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-5998","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-6817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}