{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T17:06:30Z","timestamp":1793207190951,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81822011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81822011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81771013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81771013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of olfactory or gustatory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multicenter case series.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five tertiary care hospitals (3\u00a0in China, 1\u00a0in France, 1\u00a0in Germany).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 394 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)\u2013confirmed COVID\u201019\u2010positive patients were screened, and those with olfactory or gustatory dysfunction were included. Data including demographics, COVID\u201019 severity, patient outcome, and the incidence and degree of olfactory and\/or gustatory dysfunction were collected and analyzed. The Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD) and visual analog scale (VAS) were used to quantify olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, respectively. All subjects at 1 hospital (Shanghai) without subjective olfactory complaints underwent objective testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 394 screened subjects, 161 (41%) reported olfactory and\/or gustatory dysfunction and were included. Incidence of olfactory and\/or gustatory disorders in Chinese (n = 239), German (n = 39), and French (n = 116) cohorts was 32%, 69%, and 49%, respectively. The median age of included subjects was 39 years, 92 of 161 (57%) were male, and 10 of 161 (6%) were children. Of included subjects, 10% had only olfactory or gustatory symptoms, and 19% had olfactory and\/or gustatory complaints prior to any other COVID\u201019 symptom. Of subjects with objective olfactory testing, 10 of 90 demonstrated abnormal chemosensory function despite reporting normal subjective olfaction. Forty\u2010three percent (44\/102) of subjects with follow\u2010up showed symptomatic improvement in olfaction or gustation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory and\/or gustatory disorders may represent early or isolated symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\u00a0infection. They may serve as a useful additional screening criterion, particularly for the identification of patients in the early stages of infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820934376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T04:00:52Z","timestamp":1592280052000},"page":"714-721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Identifier of COVID\u201019\u00a0in Adults and Children: An International Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Chenghao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Stomatology Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Fudan University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hautefort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery Hopital Lariboisiere University of Paris Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Haehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell and Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology TU Dresden Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Pediatrics Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascularology The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Shenzhen Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Nisenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Fudan University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Shenzhen Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna G.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivette","family":"Cejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Fudan University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University Shanghai 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzhou","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"COVID\u201019 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU)\u2013Cumulative Confirmed Cases. 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