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This review and consensus statement cover the scope of cranial nerve monitoring of all cranial nerves that are of practical importance in head, neck, and endocrine surgery except for cranial nerves VII and VIII within the temporal bone. Complete and applied understanding of neurophysiologic principles facilitates the surgeon\u2019s ability to monitor the at\u2010risk nerve.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The American Academy of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery (AAO\u2010HNS) identified the need for a consensus statement on cranial nerve monitoring. An AAO\u2010HNS task force was created through soliciting experts on the subject. Relevant domains were identified, including residency education, neurophysiology, application, and various techniques for monitoring pertinent cranial nerves. A document was generated to incorporate and consolidate these domains. The panel used a modified Delphi method for consensus generation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consensus was achieved in the domains of education needs and anesthesia considerations, as well as setup, troubleshooting, and documentation. Specific cranial nerve monitoring was evaluated and reached consensus for all cranial nerves in statement 4 with the exception of the spinal accessory nerve. Although the spinal accessory nerve\u2019s value can never be marginalized, the task force did not feel that the existing literature was as robust to support a recommendation of routine monitoring of this nerve. In contrast, there is robust supporting literature cited and consensus for routine monitoring in certain procedures, such as thyroid surgery, to optimize patient outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The AAO\u2010HNS Cranial Nerve Monitoring Task Force has provided a state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art review in neural monitoring in otolaryngologic head, neck, and endocrine surgery. The evidence\u2010based review was complemented by consensus statements utilizing a modified Delphi method to prioritize key statements to enhance patient outcomes in an array of surgical procedures in the head and neck. A precise definition of what actually constitutes intraoperative nerve monitoring and its benefits have been provided.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998211011062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T04:02:24Z","timestamp":1621310544000},"page":"233-248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Critical Review and Consensus Statement for Neural Monitoring in Otolaryngologic Head, Neck, and Endocrine Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"166","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Scharpf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic Foundation Head and Neck Institute Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lewis Katz School of Medicine Temple University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry Ford Health System Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney","family":"Liddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Orloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Steward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Bonilla Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory W.","family":"Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Eye and Ear Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"American Academy of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery.Position statement: intraoperative cranial nerve monitoring in otolaryngology\u2013head and neck surgery. 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