{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T08:06:17Z","timestamp":1793520377665,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Examine the rates and factors associated with under\u2010 and overreporting of subjective changes in smell or taste as compared with objective measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013\u20102014).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined participants \u226540 years old who completed subjective questionnaires (smell, n = 3510; taste, n = 3089), validated objective 8\u2010odor pocket smell tests, and NaCl\/quinine taste tests. Over\u2010 and underreporting was determined by the difference in subjective and objective results. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses incorporated sampling weights.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A majority of participants correctly classified impairment: smell (73.7%; 95% CI, 71.2%\u201076.1%) and taste (78.3%; 95% CI, 75.6%\u201080.7%). Age \u226565 years (odds ratio, 2.23;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =. 001) was associated with underreporting impairment, and persistent cold symptoms (odds ratio, 2.15;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =. 001) were associated with overreporting smell impairment. Smoke, onion, and natural gas scents were incorrectly identified more frequently by individuals aged \u226565 years after Bonferroni correction. No factors were associated with under\u2010 and overreporting taste impairment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the concordance rate between subjective and objective assessment of smell and taste impairment remains high, we found that older age was associated with incorrect report of impairment. This suggests that the subjective perception of smell varies across demographical and clinical factors, and it is important to not overlook such factors in clinical practice. Potentially using a simplified odor assessment regularly in the clinical setting may aid in early detection and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998211018386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T04:02:43Z","timestamp":1624334563000},"page":"572-579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Discordance Between Subjective and Objective Measures of Smell and Taste in US Adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"166","author":[{"given":"Sophie S.","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Republic of Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet S.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caruso Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caruso Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caruso Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth H.","family":"Ference","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caruso Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200404000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21416"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjt072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2014.1675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480600801357"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjg061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.10.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12078-014-9170-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Factors associated with inaccurate self\u2010reporting of olfactory dysfunction in older US adults","volume":"42","author":"Adams DR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9364-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12078-015-9194-7"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","article-title":"Gustation assessment using the NIH Toolbox","volume":"80","author":"Coldwell SE","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.NHANES: module 3\u2014weighting in NHANES. 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