{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:27:10Z","timestamp":1790728030460,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to study the literature on chronic granulomatous invasive fungal sinusitis to elucidate the changing trends in the management of the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using specific keywords, we searched the PubMed, PubMed Central, and Scopus databases over the past 50 years, which yielded 938 articles in the English language.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scrutiny of 147 relevant articles revealed 15 homogenous case series (255 cases of histologically proven chronic granulomatous fungal sinusitis alone) and 8 heterogeneous case series (patients with other types of fungal sinusitis included), which were analyzed in detail (all with &gt;5 cases each).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The disease typically affected middle\u2010aged adults with immunocompetence. Most reports were from Sudan, India, and Saudi Arabia. A slowly progressive orbital, cheek, or palatal mass with proptosis (88.2%) or sinonasal symptoms (39.2%) was typical. Ethmoid (57.2%) and maxillary (51.4%) sinuses were chiefly affected with intracranial extension in 35.1%. <jats:italic>Aspergillus flavus<\/jats:italic> (64%) was the most frequent isolate reported. Endoscopic excision (78.8%) followed by azole therapy was the preferred treatment in recent reports. Orbital exenteration and craniotomy were infrequently performed. Complete resolution or improvement was reported in 91.3% of patients. Mortality ranged from 5.9% to 22.2%. There is a trend in the literature toward less radical and disfiguring surgery and preferential use of azoles, with good outcomes even in advanced cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications for Practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic granulomatous fungal sinusitis should be diagnosed on the basis of well\u2010defined histopathologic features. A combination of endoscopic sinus surgery and azole therapy usually yields good outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998221097006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T12:01:12Z","timestamp":1651579272000},"page":"669-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Chronic Granulomatous Invasive Fungal Sinusitis in Patients With Immunocompetence: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"Vedantam","family":"Rupa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Christian Medical College Hospital  Vellore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayanthi","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Christian Medical College Hospital  Vellore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy 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