{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T15:32:00Z","timestamp":1788622320585,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1984,8,1]],"date-time":"1984-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":460166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Opening and closing of the larynx are determined by the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles acting on the elastic forces in the tongue, pharynx, larynx, and trachea. The pharynx is opened or closed by two mechanisms: (1) Contractions of the cricothyroid and of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx open and close the vocal cords. (2) The false cords, ventricle, and true cords accordion open or close in a bellows mechanism. We conclude that the posterior cricoarytenoid opens the laryngeal airway. The cricothyroid together with the posterior cricoarytenoid accentuates this opening. The larynx is also opened by the geniohyoid, mylohyoid, sternothyroid, and middle constrictor. The thyrohyoid, cricothyroid, sternohyoid, and inferior constrictor close the laryngeal airway. Abnormalities in the soft tissues of the neck or of the innervation of the larynx, pharynx, and neck muscles may severely interfere with patency of the laryngeal airway. This occurs in such conditions as vocal cord paralysis, sleep apnea, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spastic dysphonia, mandibular fractures or hypodevelopment, and cerebrovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988409200405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T07:00:12Z","timestamp":1448434812000},"page":"402-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Opening and Closing Mechanisms of the Larynx"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Horst R.","family":"Konrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christen C.","family":"Rattenborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Anesthesiology University of Chicago Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin L.","family":"Kain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm Dennis","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Joseph","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan A.","family":"Holaday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Anesthesiology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"The mechanism of closure of the human larynx","volume":"60","author":"Fink BR","year":"1956","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthal Otol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197309000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-195604000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196301000-00053"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"340","article-title":"Laryngeal activity during normal and labored breathing in anesthetized dogs","volume":"22","author":"Rattenborg CC","year":"1963","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016486909125491"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/019459988409200405","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/019459988409200405","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T13:52:51Z","timestamp":1760968371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1177\/019459988409200405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/019459988409200405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/019459988409200405","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-5998","1097-6817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-5998","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-6817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]}}}