{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T11:47:18Z","timestamp":1768736838466,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1987,11,1]],"date-time":"1987-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":562723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An entirely satisfactory solution to dynamic rehabilitation of the paralyzed facial musculature has not yet been found. Recent interest in selective reinnervation of the laryngeal musculature, synchronous with appropriate afferent information, has led us to propose that miniature strain gauges be placed on one or more muscles of facial expression on the intact side to channel electrical signals to the opposite corresponding facial musculature reinnervated via nerve\u2010muscle pedicles. In order to avoid introducing extraneous factors related to facial motion, this principle was first studied on crossover ansa hypoglossi nerve\u2010muscle pedicles in New Zealand white rabbits. Surgery was performed on a total of five animals that were under general anesthesia with xylazine and ketamine, through a midline neck incision. The animals were reexplored after 12 weeks, and after verification that reinnervation had taken place, a vertical incision was made under the external canthus, in order to expose the facial nerve. A miniature strain gauge was then sutured on the facial musculature and connected to a central modulating unit that was, in turn, linked to the nerve\u2010muscle pedicle via a monopolar electrode. Facial wiggle that resulted from direct electrical facial nerve stimulation caused synchronous contraction of all reinnervated strap muscles under study; this was documented on film and through facial and strap muscle activity tracings. Our next step will be to extend this principle to paralyzed facial muscles. If successful, this system could be miniaturized for long\u2010term implantation in human beings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988709700502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T07:07:24Z","timestamp":1448435244000},"page":"441-445","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Dynamic Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed Face: I. Electronic Control of Reinnervated Muscles from Intact Facial Musculature in the Rabbit"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Broniatowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Cleveland Ohio"},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University Department of Artificial Organs Cleveland Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Disorders Cleveland, Ohio"},{"name":"The Cleveland Clinic Foundation St. Vincent Charity Hospital and Health Center Cleveland Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laszlo A.","family":"Ilyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University Department of Artificial Organs Cleveland Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon B.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University Department of Artificial Organs Cleveland Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David I.","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Cleveland Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Maniglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Cleveland Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harvey M.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Disorders Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukihiko","family":"Nos\u00c9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University Department of Artificial Organs Cleveland Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Facial nerve surgery","author":"Tucker HM","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Development of atrophic muscular tissue in conditions of transplantation in place of mechanically damaged muscles","volume":"39","author":"Studitsky AN","year":"1960","journal-title":"Arch Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"564","volume-title":"Fifth International Symposium on Facial Nerve","author":"Conley J","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988609400107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198510000-00008","article-title":"Laryngeal pacemaker. 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Electronic pacing of reinnervated posterior cricoarytenoid muscles in the canine","volume":"90","author":"Broniatowski M","year":"1985","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"120","volume-title":"Laryngeal function in phonation and respiration","author":"Broniatowski M","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"812","article-title":"Contralaterally elicited electrical stimulation of paralyzed facial muscles","volume":"87","author":"Tobey DN","year":"1978","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197901000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1984.00800290048010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197508000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988509300110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.1983.93.4.425"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988609400114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"The deep temporal nerve\u2014orbicularis oculi muscle pedicle: a possible means of reanimation of the upper face. 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