{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:40:05Z","timestamp":1788460805013,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,6,1]],"date-time":"1991-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":675734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Otolaryngologists are being asked with increasing frequency to assess adequacy of the upper airway and to treat upper airway obstructive problems in orthodontic patients. The incentive has been provided by recent studies that purport to relate upper airway obstruction to dental and craniomorphologic changes. It is hypothesized that prolonged oral respiration during critical growth periods in children initiates a sequence of events that commonly results in dental and skeletal changes. In the chronic mouth\u2010breather excessive molar tooth eruption is almost a constant feature, causing a clockwise rotation of the growing mandible, with a disproportional increase in anterior lower vertical face height. Such increases in anterior lower vertical face height are often associated with retrognathia and open bites. Low tongue posture seen with oral respiration impedes the lateral expansion and anterior development of the maxilla. Otolaryngologists have the ability to objectively and accurately assess upper airway patency. Rhinometric assessment before and after application of topical nasal decongestant, in conjunction with clinical examination, provides valuable information regarding upper airway patency and the cause of any existing obstructive pathologic condition. Studies should be designed carefully to control the numerous variables that have an impact on the growing face of a young child so that meaningful data can be obtained in our own field regarding this challenging topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989110400621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T06:44:15Z","timestamp":1448433855000},"page":"881-890","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Upper airway obstruction and craniofacial morphology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Jerold J.","family":"Principato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Otolaryngology George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Services Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1991,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"On the development origin of the v\u2010shaped contracted maxilla","volume":"1","author":"Tomes CS","year":"1872","journal-title":"Monthly Rev Dent Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"The bearing of the development of the jaws on irregularities","volume":"15","author":"Tomes CS","year":"1873","journal-title":"Dent Cosmos"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Treatment of malocclusion of the teeth","author":"Angle EH","year":"1907"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"453","article-title":"Obstructed nasal respiration and its relation to dental abnormalities","volume":"50","author":"Howard AJ","year":"1908","journal-title":"Dent Cosmos"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-191211000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"425","article-title":"The relationship of nasal obstruction to contracted arches and dental irregularities","volume":"31","author":"Whitaker RHR","year":"1911","journal-title":"Dent Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","article-title":"Adenoids: their effect on the mode of breathing and nasal airflow, and their relationship to characteristics of the facial skeleton and the dentition","volume":"265","author":"Linder\u2010Aronson S","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"254","article-title":"Nasal resistance to breathing and palatal height before and after expansion of the median palatine suture","volume":"14","author":"Linder\u2010Aronson S","year":"1963","journal-title":"Odontologist Revy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/1.1.25"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"A89","article-title":"Adenoid obstruction of the nasopharynx","volume":"54","author":"Linder\u2010Aronson S","year":"2005","journal-title":"McNamara JA Jr Safety and Efficacy of pre\u2010prandial human insulin inhalation powder (HIIP) delivered by the Lilly\/Alkermes inhaled insulin delivery system versus injectable insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. 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