{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:16:38Z","timestamp":1785226598571,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,18]],"date-time":"2016-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8996,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The last decade has seen a marked increase in the number of otolaryngologists\u2013head and neck surgeons who have been trained to perform rhinologic surgery. This includes both rhinoseptoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of rhinitis and sinusitis has also kept pace with this rapid expansion of surgical intervention. For example, significant advances have taken place in our knowledge of the local lmmune system in the nose, particularly in regard to mucosal and submucosal mast cells<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup> and the development of protective antibodies in the nasal mucosa against viral and bacterial infections.<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> We have far more understanding of the complex innervation of the blood vessels and glands in the nasal mucosa and their receptors, and, most recently, a tremendous increase of scientific data has accumulated on the effect of neuropeptides on the nasal mucous membrane. It is imperative that rhinologic surgeons have an understanding and appreciation of the complex patterns of sensory and autonomic innervation of the nose to better evaluate the medical, allergic, and surgical treatment of acute and chronic rhinitis and sinusitis. This discussion will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the biochemical substances that are released by both the autonomic nervous system and the sensory nervous system in the nasal mucosa. The effect of these mediators on both vascular smooth muscle and the seromucinous glands of the nose will be considered. Finally, the dynamic interaction between the inflammatory mediators released by sensory nerves so\u2010called tachykinins\u2014 And the immune system and mast cell degranulation will be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989110500411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]],"date-time":"2017-01-28T12:57:21Z","timestamp":1485608241000},"page":"596-607","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Role of Autonomic Nervous System and Inflammatory Mediators in Nasal Hyperreactivity: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Edwin W.","family":"Rubel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech\u2010Language Pathology and Audiology State College of New York at Buffalo Williamsville New York"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics State University of New York at Buffalo Williamsville New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel M.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech\u2010Language Pathology and Audiology State College of New York at Buffalo Williamsville New York"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics State University of New York at Buffalo Williamsville New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1991,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Allergic and vasomotor rhinitis: Pathophysiologic aspects","author":"Enerback L","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Allergic and vasomotor rhinitis: Pathophysiological aspects","author":"Brandtzaeg P","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"160","article-title":"Immunological and noninimunological mechanisms in nasal hyperreactivity","volume":"5","author":"Bernstein JM","year":"1985","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy 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