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The male\u2010to\u2010female ratio was 5:1, and most injuries involved the left orbit. Most fractures were caused by personal altercations, but more complex injuries were noted with automobile accidents and falls. Fractures were divided into types based on location and severity of injury: type I (confined to the medial orbital wall), type II (medial orbital wall continuous with floor), type III (medial orbital wall with floor\u2010malar fractures), and type IV (medial orbital wall and complex midfacial injuries). Although visual loss (2%), diplopia (41%), and enophthalmos (12%) were seen, diplopia and enophthalmos were commonly observed with type II injuries. Imaging studies showed that about 52% of the fractures were associated with prolapse of orbital fat, but only 43% could be diagnosed with plain x rays. Type I fractures were generally explored through a frontoethmoid incision; other types were treated with subciliary or transconjunctival approaches. The usual treatment consisted of repositioning the fragments and repair of the wall with polyethylene mesh or cranial bone graft. Type I and type II fractures seemed best explained by the hydraulic mechanism of injury, whereas the type III and type IV fractures best fitted the buckling theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989511200408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,10]],"date-time":"2010-12-10T16:45:23Z","timestamp":1291999523000},"page":"549-556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Medial orbital wall fractures: Classification and clinical profile"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Felix P.","family":"Nolasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University Detroit Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Mathog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University Detroit 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