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Experimental data indicate that clinical concentrations of volatile anesthetics protect the myocardium from ischemia and reperfusion injury, as shown by decreased infarct size and more rapid postoperative recovery of contractile function. These anesthetics may also mediate protective effects in other organs, such as the brain and kidney. A number of recent reports have indicated that these experimentally observed protective effects might also be present in the clinical setting. Implementation of such cardioprotection during surgery may provide an additional tool in the treatment and prevention of ischemic cardiac dysfunction in the perioperative period. 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