{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:29:55Z","timestamp":1784694595416,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe and clarify management protocols in relation to spontaneous pneumomediastinum, and try to integrate criteria on this subject.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thoracic physicians are faced with patients who present with gas in the mediastinum, frequently without an obvious etiologic factor. Published material contains heterogeneous information from which different conclusions can be drawn.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a Medline search from 1990 to 2012, we collected data on mortality, morbidity, signs, symptoms, etiologic factors, and diagnostic methods. Standardized mean differences were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 600 patients in 27 papers with series of &gt;5 patients without precipitating or etiologic factors previous to the clinical presentation, but athletic activity, drug abuse, and history of asthma played an apparent role in the disease process. Most patients complained of thoracic pain and dyspnea, with subcutaneous emphysema and Hamman\u2019s sign. The most common complication was tension pneumothorax. Morbidity was seen in 2.8%; no mortality has been reported so far.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is a rare disease with a benign course, which should be treated conservatively unless a complication mandates an invasive procedure. An algorithm for diagnosis and treatment is offered, based on the available evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0218492313504091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T21:48:41Z","timestamp":1383688121000},"page":"997-1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Systematic review of spontaneous pneumomediastinum: A survey of 22 years\u2019 data"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Walid L","family":"Dajer-Fadel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Mexico \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Arg\u00fcero-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Mexico \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Ibarra-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Mexico \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco P","family":"Navarro-Reynoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Mexico \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0218492313504091","first-page":"1","volume":"64","author":"Hamman L","year":"1937","journal-title":"Bull Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"bibr2-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macklin CC. Transport of air along sheaths of pulmonic blood vessels from alveoli to mediastinum: clinical implications.\n                      Arch Intern Med\n                      1939;64:913\u201326. Available at: http:\/\/archinte.jamanetwork.com\/issue.aspx?journalid=71&issueid=14442. Accessed May 05, 2013.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1939.00190050019003"},{"key":"bibr3-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macklin MT, Macklin CC. Malignant interstitial emphysema of the lungs and mediastinum as an important occult complication in many respiratory diseases and other conditions: an interpretation of the clinical literature in the light of laboratory experiment.\n                      Medicine\n                      1944;23: 281\u2013352. Available at: http:\/\/journals.lww.com\/md-journal\/toc\/1944\/12000. Accessed August 14, 2013.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-194412000-00001"},{"key":"bibr4-0218492313504091","first-page":"22","volume":"187","author":"Blanquer J","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Clin Esp"},{"key":"bibr5-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.1.93"},{"key":"bibr6-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81750-0"},{"key":"bibr7-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000029539"},{"key":"bibr8-0218492313504091","unstructured":"Aguinaga S, Mart\u00ednez-Bayarri M. Neumomediastino espont\u00e1neo. An\u00e1lisis de 16 casos. Emergencias 2000:12:321\u20135. Available at: http:\/\/www.semes.org\/revista_EMERGENCIAS\/numeros-anteriores\/volumen-12\/numero-5\/. Accessed August 14, 2013."},{"key":"bibr9-0218492313504091","first-page":"188","volume":"9","author":"Miura H","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"bibr10-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(03)00124-7"},{"key":"bibr11-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)00027-4"},{"key":"bibr12-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2004.01.042"},{"key":"bibr13-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2004.05.050"},{"key":"bibr14-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1157\/13078656"},{"key":"bibr15-0218492313504091","first-page":"63","volume":"76","author":"Grossman A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"bibr16-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.5.3298"},{"key":"bibr17-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.02.025"},{"key":"bibr18-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1308\/003588407X183373"},{"key":"bibr19-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2007.03.008"},{"key":"bibr20-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-006-0002-7"},{"key":"bibr21-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.04.067"},{"key":"bibr22-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-3-59"},{"key":"bibr23-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.03.023"},{"key":"bibr24-0218492313504091","first-page":"575","volume":"10","author":"Esayag Y","year":"2008","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"bibr25-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872009000800007"},{"key":"bibr26-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)60560-0"},{"key":"bibr27-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1039059"},{"key":"bibr28-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2009.08.002"},{"key":"bibr29-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2009.10.007"},{"key":"bibr30-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811421870"},{"key":"bibr31-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0218492312449823"},{"key":"bibr32-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.52.9234"},{"key":"bibr33-0218492313504091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.83696"}],"container-title":["Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0218492313504091","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0218492313504091","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0218492313504091","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:28:40Z","timestamp":1777393720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0218492313504091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0218492313504091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0218492313504091","relation":{},"ISSN":["0218-4923","1816-5370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0218-4923","type":"print"},{"value":"1816-5370","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]]}}}