{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:26:14Z","timestamp":1783743974327,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]],"date-time":"2016-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469664000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis remains a major global medical challenge and concern. In the world\u2019s population of over 7.4 billion people, 8.6 million are estimated to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis; another 2.2 billion have latent tuberculosis. There is an annual incidence of 16,000 new cases in the USA and 7\u20138 million new cases worldwide, of which 440,000 are multidrug-resistant or extensively multidrug-resistant, mainly in developing countries or emerging economies. According to the World Health Organization, the incidence of tuberculosis is 133 cases per 100,000 of the population; 3.3% new cases are drug resistant and 20% are already treated cases. Of the drug-resistant cases, 9.7% are extensively drug-resistant. The annual global mortality attributable to tuberculosis is over 1.3 million people. The association with HIV\/AIDS in 430,000 people has compounded the global concern and challenge. This review presents the historical indications for surgical treatment of tuberculosis, reviews the current literature and clinical experience, and collates this into increased awareness and contemporary understanding of the indications and need for surgery in primary active tuberculosis, adjuvant surgical therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and the complications of chronic tuberculosis sequelae or previous tuberculosis surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0218492316661958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]],"date-time":"2016-07-28T21:13:15Z","timestamp":1469740395000},"page":"835-846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Surgical aspects of pulmonary tuberculosis: an update"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ravindra Kumar","family":"Dewan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A Thomas","family":"Pezzella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Children\u2019s Heart Fund, Worcester, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0218492316661958","first-page":"473","volume":"37","author":"Dewan R","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"bibr2-0218492316661958","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2015. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/en. Accessed March 30, 2016."},{"key":"bibr3-0218492316661958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4"},{"key":"bibr4-0218492316661958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651489"},{"key":"bibr5-0218492316661958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2012.04.003"},{"key":"bibr6-0218492316661958","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60410-2"},{"key":"bibr7-0218492316661958","unstructured":"Fitzgerald D, Haas DW. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolan R, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Vol. 2. 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